1. 5 essays to learn BUT only 1 to write in the exam
3. USA,

2. An Evaluation Of The Reasons For Changing Attitudes To Immigration
Issue 1
An Evaluation Of The Reasons For Changing Attitudes To Immigration
Factor 1: Prejudice And Racism
Factor 2: Isolationism & The First World War
Factor 3: Economic Fear
Factor 4: Social Fear
Factor 5: Fear Of Revolution
AIMS OF ESSAY:
To understand why hostility towards immigration grew in the USA
To explain why the American public supported immigration restriction

3. PAST EXAM QUESTIONS Did not come up 2015
How important was fear of revolution (5) as a reason for changing attitudes towards immigration in the 1920s? (2014)
To what extent was racism (1) the main reason for changing attitudes towards immigration in the 1920s? (2011)
To what extent does a fear of Communism (5) explain the changes in American policy towards immigration in the 1920s? (2010)

4. IMMIGRATION ESSAY PLAN
Introduction
Factor 1: Prejudice And Racism
Factor 2: Isolationism & The First World War
Factor 3: Economic Fear
Factor 4: Social Fear
Factor 5: Fear Of Revolution
Conclusion
Remember that this is an ISOLATED factor question
Start essay with factor that is in the question!

5. General Introduction:
North America has always been a refuge for those in search of a better life; the United States is thus a nation built upon the foundations of immigration
Immigrants seeking the ‘American Dream’ were for many years the nation’s lifeblood – many came over were skilled and willing to work
However by the 1920s fears over immigration had become so strong that the ‘open door’ of America slammed shut…
WHY???

6. PLAN FOR PARAGRAPH 1 Racism & Prejudice Changing Attitudes
1. Start with an Opening Argument e.g. state what the link is between the isolated factor & the question
2. Put in Knowledge – discuss the change from old to new immigrants (how did they differ?)
3. Put in Analysis – argue that this changed attitudes to immigration because… (What did the Dillingham Commission show? Why did the old immigrants worry? What grew because of this)
4. Knowledge – discuss that the change in attitude resulted in anti-immigration acts such as…
5. Analysis – explain how these acts show that racism was behind changing attitudes towards immigration (think percentages)
6. Evaluation – sum up why this is an important factor in explaining why attitudes changed toward immigration

7. Read Through Paragraph 1 On Handout
Example Paragraph
Read Through Paragraph 1 On Handout

8. Old Immigrants: WASPs!
Until the middle of the nineteenth century, most immigrants came from Northern Europe, in particular Britain, Ireland, Germany & Scandinavia
The descendents of these ‘old immigrants’ were generally White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestants and became known as WASPs
They viewed themselves as ‘natives’ and thus better than other Americans and immigrants

9. The Dillingham Commission
From , the numbers of these immigrants soared The Dillingham Commission, began its work in 1907 and concluded that from the 1890s onwards, immigrants had come mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe It was claimed that immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe posed a serious threat to American society and culture and should therefore be greatly reduced
The commission's overall findings provided the rationale for the politically and economically inspired immigration restriction acts of the 1920s, which favoured immigration from northern and western Europe

10. Away with you beggars!
The New Immigrants
These ‘new immigrants’ were from Southern and Eastern Europe (Russia, Poland & Italy) where people tended to be poorer (escaping poverty; persecution; unemployment) and of a different religion to the WASP countries
They also stood out as they stuck together; wore native dress & spoke their own languages. The WASPs were not happy as they feared that their culture would be replaced!

11. Problem One: Religious Antagonism: Catholicism
Before 1830 the USA had been almost exclusively Protestant but by 1860 the number of Catholics exceeded 3 million which was one tenth of the population! A significant proportion of immigrants were Roman Catholic – Irish, Italians and Hispanics
The attachment to Catholicism generated cohesion among Irish Americans and American protestants
Irish immigrants were confronted with demeaning stereotypes and violent anti-Catholic PREJUDICES as WASPs commonly assumed that the Irish were ignorant, filthy, clannish people incapable of integration
IRISH

12. Problem Two: Religious Antagonism: Anti-Semitism
By 1913 there were 1.25 million Jews in New York’s city’s lower east side and were nick-named ‘Kikes’ Hostility was directed against Jewish immigrants particularly those who, once they had settled, became successful and prosperous Even Henry ford bought a local newspaper and used it as a vehicle for attacking Jews The articles in Ford's newspaper blamed the Jews for everything from the Bolshevik Revolution to bootlegged liquor. They also accused the Jews of conspiring to enslave Christianity and destroy the "Anglo-Saxon" way of life Jews suffered discrimination in employment and became targets for the KKK

13. New Immigrants Were.. Old Immigrants New Immigrants
It was easy to see the immigrants as being ‘different’
Many were ROMAN CATHOLIC or JEWISH (not protestant)
Many had left non-democratic societies & mistrusted the government (this was seen as a threat to American Constitution)
Their physical appearance frightened native-born Americans (different language & dress)
Old Immigrants
‘Native’ Americans
WASPs
Celtic , Anglo-Saxon, Nordic races
Protestant
New Immigrants
Illiterate and more appeared so as they could not speak English
Slavic and Latin races
Jewish and Catholic
Unfamiliar with democracy. They were communist, socialist and anarchists
…and because of this they were an easy target for ill informed prejudice and racism by ‘native’ Americans

14. Nativism Grew…
The effect of high levels of immigration increased the WASPs sense of superiority and their determination to maintain racial “purity” Academics and some politicians even claimed to have ‘scientific’ evidence that the new immigrants from Southeast Europe were racially inferior In Woodrow Wilson’s History of the American People in 1902, he even compared the ‘men of the sturdy stock of the north of Europe’ with the ‘more sordid and hopeless elements.’ They were afraid that new immigrants would destroy American culture and many activists were pledged to protect the purity of the American ideal...
This Clearly Shows That Bigotry, Prejudice And Racism Gave Rise To The Soon To Be Passed Anti-immigration Legislation

15. Nativist Organisations
Evans spoke out against the “vast horde of immigrants who have reached our shores…Italian immigrants, Irish catholic malcontents, Russian Jews, Finns, Letts, Lithuanians of the lowest class”
The KKK
Had died out in 1870s but reformed in Georgia in 1915
In true nativist tradition it focused on the evils of Catholicism and anti-Semitic propaganda
The KKK naturally appealed to the WASPs who believed that their dream of America was about to be shattered
By 1924 the KKK were openly parading through the streets of Washington D.C.
The Klan’s appeal spread from the south to the western and northern states, where Catholics and Jews, as well as blacks became the target of their threats and violence
These Groups Are A Real Reflection Of The Extent Of Anti-alienism In The USA At The Time
Hiram Wesley Evans

16. 1. The Emergency Immigration Act 1921
Perhaps the most obvious example that shows just how important PREJUDICE AND RACISM was in the changing attitudes towards immigration can be shown through the passing of 2 Acts:
1. The Emergency Immigration Act 1921
This Quota Act was designed to restrict new immigrants.
This law imposed an annual limit on immigration from any European country, limiting to 3% of the number of nationals from that country who were living in the USA in 1911.
This favoured immigrants from ‘Old Immigrant’ countries and kept out ‘New Immigrants’.

17. 2. National Origins Act 1924
The proportion from each country was lowered to 2% based on the sizes of national groups at the time of the 1890 census
In 1929 only 120,000 immigrants a year were allowed into the USA and 85% of all places were reserved for Northern and Western Europe.
All this information proves that it was not necessarily the number of immigrants coming in that America’s objected to, but where they came from, making racism & prejudice a very important factor!

18. OPENING ARGUMENT
It can be argued that prejudiced and racist views towards new immigrants was a key factor behind changing attitudes towards immigration in the USA.

19. PREJUDICE AND RACISM KNOWLEDGE 1 ARGUMENT 1
Who were the Old Immigrants & why were they welcomed?
Why type of immigrant came from 1880’s+
ARGUMENT 1
‘It can be argued that is important because…
What did this make the ‘old’ immigrants feel?
What was set up because of this?
What did it make them want to do/get passed?

20. PREJUDICE AND RACISM KNOWLEDGE 2 ARGUMENT 2
Anti-immigration laws showed a clear sign of what?
KU about the 2 Acts:
1921 Emergency Immigration Acts
1924 National Origins Act
ARGUMENT 2
This clearly shows…
Not necessarily the no. of immigrants coming in that they objected to, but… what?
How did the laws do this? (what has the percentage got to do with it?)

21. PREJUDICE AND RACISM Evaluation
Prejudice and racism is thus one of the most important factors in changing attitudes towards immigration as it resulted in what happening/a cut in the number of what from where?

22. PLAN FOR PARAGRAPH 1 Racism & Prejudice Changing Attitudes
Put in Knowledge – discuss the change from old to new immigrants (how did they differ?)
Put in Analysis – argue that this changed attitudes to immigration because… (What did the Dillingham Commission show? Why did the old immigrants worry? What grew because of this)
Knowledge – discuss that the change in attitude resulted in anti-immigration acts such as…
Analysis – explain how these acts show that racism was behind changing attitudes towards immigration (think percentages)

23. PLAN FOR PARAGRAPH 1 Racism & Prejudice Changing Attitudes
1. Start with an Opening Argument e.g. state what the link is between the isolated factor & the question
2. Put in Knowledge – discuss the change from old to new immigrants (how did they differ?)
3. Put in Analysis – argue that this changed attitudes to immigration because… (What did the Dillingham Commission show? Why did the old immigrants worry? What grew because of this)
4. Knowledge – discuss that the change in attitude resulted in anti-immigration acts such as…
5. Analysis – explain how these acts show that racism was behind changing attitudes towards immigration (think percentages)
6. Evaluation – sum up why this is an important factor in explaining why attitudes changed toward immigration

24. Example Paragraph