1. Cellular Respiration Stage 4: Electron Transport Chain

2. Cellular respiration

3. What’s the point?
The point is to make ATP!
ATP

4. ATP accounting so far… Glycolysis  2 ATP Kreb’s cycle  2 ATP
Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4 ATP!
There’s got to be a better way!
I need a lot more ATP!
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second

5. That sounds more like it!
There is a better way!
Electron Transport Chain
series of proteins built into inner mitochondrial membrane
along cristae
transport proteins & enzymes
transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient
yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose!
only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration)
That sounds more like it! O2

6. ETC
Review the video for electron transport and answer the following questions:
Electron Transport Video
Where do the electrons for the ETC come from?
Where is this process taking place?
How do the electrons get shuttled down the ETC? How is electronegativity involved? (you’ll have to think about this one, they do not explain this in the video)
What molecule is the final acceptor of the electrons?
What is the byproduct that is generated during the ETC?
The ETC does not generate ATP. What is it’s purpose?

7. Oooooh! Form fits function!
Mitochondria
Double membrane
outer membrane
inner membrane
highly folded cristae
enzymes & transport proteins
intermembrane space
fluid-filled space between membranes
Oooooh! Form fits function!

8. Electron Transport Chain
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Intermembrane space C Q
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome c oxidase complex
Mitochondrial matrix

9. Remember the Electron Carriers?
glucose
Krebs cycle
Glycolysis
G3P
2 NADH
8 NADH
2 FADH2
Time to break open the piggybank!

10. Electron Transport Chain
Building proton gradient!
NADH  NAD+ + H p e
intermembrane space H+ H+ H+
inner mitochondrial membrane
H  e- + H+ C Q e– e– e– H
FADH2
FAD H 1 2
NADH
2H+ + O2
H2O
NAD+
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome c oxidase complex
mitochondrial matrix
Why does FADH2 drop its electrons on a different initial carrier?
What powers the proton (H+) pumps?…

11. Stripping H from Electron Carriers
Electron carriers pass electrons & H+ to ETC
H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
electrons stripped from H atoms  H+ (protons)
electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in mitochondrial membrane (ETC)
flowing electrons = energy to do work
transport proteins in membrane pump H+ (protons) across inner membrane to intermembrane space
NAD+ Q C
NADH
H2O H+ e–
2H+ + O2
FADH2 1 2
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome c oxidase complex
FAD
Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons to any electron acceptor, not just to oxygen.
Uses exergonic flow of electrons through ETC to pump H+ across membrane. H+
TA-DA!!
Moving electrons do the work! H+ H+ H+
ADP + Pi
ATP

12. electrons flow downhill to O2
But what “pulls” the electrons down the ETC?
H2O
Pumping H+ across membrane … what is energy to fuel that?
Can’t be ATP! that would cost you what you want to make!
Its like cutting off your leg to buy a new pair of shoes. :-(
Flow of electrons powers pumping of H+
O2 is 2 oxygen atoms both looking for electrons O2
electrons flow downhill to O2
oxidative phosphorylation

13. Electrons flow downhill
Electrons move in steps from carrier to carrier downhill to oxygen
each carrier more electronegative
controlled oxidation
controlled release of energy
make ATP instead of fire!
Electrons move from molecule to molecule until they combine with O & H ions to form H2O
It’s like pumping water behind a dam -- if released, it can do work

14. “proton-motive” force
We did it! H+
ADP + Pi
Set up a H+ gradient
Allow the protons to flow through ATP synthase
Synthesizes ATP
ADP + Pi  ATP
ATP
Are we there yet?

15. Chemiosmosis links the Electron Transport Chain to ATP synthesis
The diffusion of ions across a membrane
build up of proton gradient just so H+ could flow through ATP synthase enzyme to build ATP
Chemiosmosis links the Electron Transport Chain to ATP synthesis
Chemiosmosis is the diffusion of ions across a membrane. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane.
Hydrogen ions (protons) will diffuse from an area of high proton concentration to an area of lower proton concentration. Peter Mitchell proposed that an electrochemical concentration gradient of protons across a membrane could be harnessed to make ATP. He likened this process to osmosis, the diffusion of water across a membrane, which is why it is called chemiosmosis.
So that’s the point!

16. Chemiosmotic Model
ATP Synthase video

17. Peter Mitchell 1961 | 1978 Proposed chemiosmotic hypothesis
revolutionary idea at the time
proton motive force

18. ATP Pyruvate from cytoplasm Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial
Electron
transport
system C Q
NADH e-
2. Electrons provide energy to pump protons across the membrane. H+
1. Electrons are harvested and carried to the transport system. e-
Acetyl-CoA
NADH e-
H2O
Krebs
cycle e-
3. Oxygen joins with protons to form water. 1
FADH2 O2 2 O2 +
2H+
CO2 H+
ATP
ATP H+
ATP
4. Protons diffuse back in down their concentration gradient, driving the synthesis of ATP.
ATP
synthase
Mitochondrial
matrix

19. ATP production Phosphorylation Substrate level phophorylation
Addition of phosphate group to an organic molecule
Substrate level phophorylation
Phosphate is added as a result of enzymatic reaction
Oxidative phosphorylation

20. ATP produced
GLUCOSE

21. 2 ATP
GLUCOSE
2 ATP
produced directly
GLYCOLYSIS

22. 38 ATP 16 ATP 34 ATP 8 ATP 14 ATP 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH2
GLUCOSE
2 ATP
produced directly
GLYCOLYSIS
6 ATP
through electron transport +
2 NADH
PYRUVIC ACID
6 ATP
through electron transport +
2 NADH
2 ATP
produced directly +
ACETYL CoA
18 ATP
through electron transport +
KREBS CYCLE
6 NADH
4 ATP
through electron transport +
2 FADH2

23. Learning Check
Which molecules are being oxidized and reduced in each step of cell resp
(Hint think about your starting materials, end products, and where the e-/H ions are going)
Glycolysis?
Krebs?
ETC?
Overall? (write the formula for cell resp)

24. January 9, 2012 BellRinger Objective Homework Previous Slide
Develop a visual model to review the important steps of cellular respiration
Explore ways to determine the rate of cellular resp in living organisms
Homework
Cell Respiration Prelab
Grade your own Break FR- due Wed

25. Video of Cellular Respiration
~40 ATP
Video of Cellular Respiration + +
2 ATP
2 ATP
~36 ATP

26. Summary of cellular respiration
C6H12O6
6O2
6CO2
6H2O
~40 ATP  +
Where did the glucose come from?
Where did the O2 come from?
Where did the CO2 come from?
Where did the CO2 go?
Where did the H2O come from?
Where did the ATP come from?
What else is produced that is not listed in this equation?
Why do we breathe?
Where did the glucose come from?
from food eaten
Where did the O2 come from?
breathed in
Where did the CO2 come from?
oxidized carbons cleaved off of the sugars (Krebs Cycle)
Where did the CO2 go?
exhaled
Where did the H2O come from?
from O2 after it accepts electrons in ETC
Where did the ATP come from?
mostly from ETC
What else is produced that is not listed in this equation?
NAD, FAD, heat!

27. Other Nutrients
Humans gain more energy from oxidation of fatty acids than glucose
Lipids contain 9 kcal per gram
Lipids are broken down and glycerol enters glycolysis; fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA and enter the citric acid cycle

28. Other Nutrients Proteins are broken down into amino acids
Amino acids are deaminated (the amino acids are removed)
The remaining carbon chain enters at various points
Proteins contain about 4 kcal per gram

29. Challenge
Create a visual model that explains all three steps of cellular respiration.
You can draw it or act it out
Keep track of what happens to:
The carbon molecules that start off in glucose
The reduction of oxygen
The electrons that are transferred by the electron carriers
The hydrogen ions that create the chemiosmotic gradient
The production of ATP

30. What’s the point?
The point is to make ATP!
ATP

31. Testing it out
What variables would effect the rate at which respiration occurs?
How might you set up an experiment to test this?
What could you do to measure the rate of repspiration?