1. ECOSYSTEMS
An ECOSYSTEM is made of all the living & nonliving things that interact in a particular area
Ecosystems can be
large or small

2. LIVING THINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT
Environment– all the living and nonliving things with which an organism interacts.
All the living and nonliving things in an environment are interconnected. If one factor is affected another factor is thrown off balance. Nature is always trying to stay in balance.

3. The Study of the Earth’s Environment’s
Ecology– The study of the interactions and relationships of living things with one another and with their environment.

4. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE GROWTH OF A POPULATION
When conditions are good, a population will generally increase. But a population does not keep growing forever. Eventually some factor in its environment causes the population to stop growing.

5. LIMITING FACTORS
LIMITING FACTORS: Biotic and abiotic factors that prevents a population from increasing.
Food
Water
Living space
Temperature
Predation
Competition

6. Limiting Factors
Environmental abiotic and biotic factors can also be termed "Limiting Factors."
They are limiting in that they tend to have the least affect on those organisms which have the best tolerance, or adaptation to the factor.
At different times of the year, some abiotic factors take on more importance than others. These factors help to keep a population at or below carrying capacity.

7. LIMITING FACTORS FOOD & WATER -When food is scarce, the
population numbers will decrease from
starvation or low birth numbers.
-When food if plentiful, numbers increase because
of low death rates and high birth rates.

8. LIMITING FACTORS SPACE
-If the plant or animal does not have enough room to reproduce and grow, the numbers will decrease.
-When space is
plentiful, the pop-
ulation will increase.

9. LIMITING FACTORS CLIMATE
-Conditions such as drought and temperature changes can limit the population growth.
-Too cold, too hot, too wet, too dry all affect population growth. Early frost can kill many insects and plants.
-Favorable weather
conditions such as
seasonable temps,
rainfall etc, can
increase populations.

10. LIMITING FACTORS DISEASE
-When disease (fungal, parasitic, bacterial, viral) is introduced to a population, population numbers are affected. Only the strongest individuals overcome the disease and survive.-

11. Limiting Factors Introduced Species
Humans sometimes move organisms to a location where they do not belong. Sometimes they die, but often they prosper. If the organism has no predators, then its population will grow.
An example of this occurring is the kudzu plant. It was transplanted to America and nothing eats it here.
So, it grows out of control. This causes native plants to loose the space, sunlight and water supply they need to survive.

12. Brown Tree Snake
Shortly after World War II, and before 1952, the brown Treesnake was accidentally transported from its native range in the South Pacific to Guam, probably as a stowaway in ship cargo.  As a result of abundant prey to eat on Guam and the absence of natural predators and other population controls, brown Treesnake populations grew. Snakes caused the loss of most of the native forest vertebrate species; thousands of power outages affecting private, commercial, and military activities; widespread loss of domestic birds and pets. Most songbirds of Guam have gone extinct.

13. Cane Toad
Cane toads, introduced into Australia to control beetles that were destroying sugarcane crops, are still spreading across Australia. They failed to control the cane beetles, and became a major pest themselves. Cane toads can harm native wildlife by eating small animals and poisoning larger predators that try to eat them. Household pets are also at risk from poisoning. So far, there is no known way to control cane toads across large areas, but scientists are searching for a biological control agent that is specific to the toads.

14. Interactions among species
LIMITING FACTORS
Interactions among species
-Positive or helpful interactions can increase the population.
-Negative or harmful interactions can decrease the population.

15. LIMITING FACTORS COMPETITION
-When two or more individuals or populations try to use the same resources. Can occur within populations or between populations

16. Limiting Factors
When competition for resources is high (many organisms fighting for the same one), populations will decrease.
When competition for resources is low, populations will increase.

17. Competition
Competition – occurs whenever more than one individual or populations tries to make use of the same limited resources.

18. Predation
Predation is the type of feeding relationship in which one animal captures and eats another animal for its food.
Prey – is eaten
Predator – captures and eats prey.

19. LIMITING FACTORS Predator/Prey Relationship
Predation has a huge effect on the size and growth of a population.
-If there are more predators or they are more efficient at hunting techniques, then the prey species goes down.

20. Predator/Prey Continued
-Predators affect prey species numbers and prey species affect predators numbers.
As predator numbers decrease, the prey species numbers will increase due to less predators in the
area.

21. PREDATOR/PREY RELATIONSHIP
Predators directly affect the population of their prey and the prey directly affect the population of the predator.
How is this possible?

22. PREDATOR/PREY RELATIONSHIP
Remember, when the prey species goes up, the predator goes up SHORTLY THEREAFTER.
When the prey species goes down, the predators go down, SHORTLY THEREAFTER.

23. PREDATOR/PREY RELATIONSHIP

24. What is the carrying capacity of this ecosystem for the rabbits? Fox?

25. Name the carrying capacity of this environment for the wolves and the moose.

26. PREDATOR/PREY RELATIONSHIP

27. CARRYING CAPACITY
The maximum number of organisms an ecosystem can successfully support.

28. PREDATOR/PREY RELATIONSHIP
Remember, when the prey species goes up, the predator goes up SHORTLY THEREAFTER.
When the prey species goes down, the predators go down, SHORTLY THEREAFTER.

29. Name the limiting factors in the pictures below:

30. Symbiosis
Any close relationship between species. Individuals in the relationship are either:
1. Helped Unaffected Harmed

31. Mutualism A relationship in which both species benefit
Zebra & oxpecker
Lichens: algae + fungus
Cleaner fish

32. Examples of Symbiosis

33. Commensalism
A relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
Barnacles on whale
Shark & remora

34. Examples of Symbiosis

35. Parasitism
A relationship in which one organisms benefits and the other is harmed. The individual that benefits is called the parasite, the one harmed is called the host.
Intestinal worms
Mistletoe
Tick

36. Examples of Symbiosis
Tapeworm
Dustmite
Botfly

37. Coevolution The evolution of two species totally dependent on
each other. Coevolution is an extreme example of
mutualism.
Yucca flowers are a certain shape so only that tiny moth can pollinate them. The moths lay their eggs in the yucca flowers and the larvae (caterpillars) live in the developing ovary and eat yucca seeds.
Yucca moths and yucca plants

38. Acacias are small, trees that have large, hollow thorns
Acacias are small, trees that have large, hollow thorns. The acacia ants live in the thorns. On the tips of its leaflets, the plant makes a substance used by the ants as food. The ants defend the tree from herbivores by attacking/stinging any animal that even accidentally brushes up against the plant. The ants also prune off seedlings of any other plants that sprout under “their” tree
Acacia ants and acacia trees

39. with specific pollinators (insects, bats, etc).
The pollinator gets a reward such as nectar for pollinating the plant. Insects (beetles) on the plant found this protein/sugar mix and used it as food.
Insects became dependent on this food source and started carrying pollen from plant to plant.
Beetle-pollination must have been more efficient than wind for some species, so there was natural selection for plants that attracted insects.
Coevolution is often seen in a number of species of flowering plants that coevolved
with specific pollinators (insects, bats, etc).