1. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Dangers of Adverse Environmental / Thermal Conditions PE 236 Juan Cuevas, ATC

2. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Environmental _____ can adversely impact an athlete’s performance and pose serious health threats Areas of concern –_______________ –Overexposure to the sun

3. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. _______________ Athletic trainers require knowledge and information concerning temperature, humidity and weather to adequately make decisions regarding environmental ___________ Has caused a number of _____ over the years Must manage heat stress appropriately Hyperthermia = _______ in body temperature

4. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Heat Stress Extreme caution should be used when training in the heat (_________ could result heat stress) It is _________________ Athletes who train under these extreme conditions are at risk Physiologically the body will continue to function if body temperature is maintained Body must _____________ heat to maintain homeostasis

5. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Heat can be dissipated from the body through 4 mechanisms –Conduction (direct contact) –____________ (contact with cool air or water mass) –Radiation (heat generated from metabolism) –___________ (sweat evaporating from the skin) Majority of body heat is dissipated through evaporation

6. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Evaporative Heat Loss –____________ allow water transport to surface –Evaporation of water takes heat with it –When radiant heat and environment temperature are higher than body temperature, loss of heat through evaporation ________ –Air must be relatively ___________ for evaporation to occur relative humidity of 65% impairs evaporation relative humidity of 75% stops evaporation –________________ can still occur in cold environment if body is unable to dissipate heat Caused by dehydration and inability to sweat

7. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Monitoring Heat Index Heat, sunshine and humidity must be monitored closely Wet bulb globe temperature index (_______) provides objective measure for determining precautions concerning participation in heat –WGBT incorporates different thermometer readings ___________ (standard mercury temperature) ____________ (thermometer with wet gauze that is swung around in air)

8. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. –DBT and WBT can be measured with psychrometer (combines both thermometers) Wet bulb will be lower due to evaporation of water –Ventilation is provided by whirling thermometer (sling psychrometer) –Newer models utilize digital sensors

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10. Heat Illnesses Heat ___________ (heat collapse) –Associated with rapid fatigue and ________________, ________ in heat for long periods of time –Caused by peripheral vasodilation, or pooling of _______ in extremities resulting in dizziness and fainting –Treat by placing athlete in cool environment, consuming fluids and laying down

11. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Heat Cramps –Painful muscle _______ (calf, abdominal) due to excessive water loss and electrolyte imbalance –Occurs in individuals in good shape who _____________ themselves –Treatment Prevent by consuming ______ fluids and maintaining electrolyte ________ Treat with fluid ingestion, light stretching with ice ___________ Return to play unlikely due to continued cramping

12. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Heat _____________ –Result of inadequate fluid _____________ –Will exhibit signs of _______ sweating, _____ skin, mildly elevated temperature, dizziness, hyperventilation and ____ pulse –May develop heat cramps or become faint/dizzy –Core temperature will be ~102 o –Performance may ________ –Immediate treatment includes fluid ingestion (intravenous replacement, ultimately), place in cool environment

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14. _____________ –Serious _____-threatening condition, with unknown specific cause –Characterized by sudden onset - sudden collapse, ______, flushed _____ skin, minimal sweating, shallow breathing, _____ rapid pulse, and core temperature of > ______ o F –Temperature must be lowered within 45 minutes –Drastic measures must be taken to cool athlete Strip clothing Sponge with cool water Transport to hospital immediately… ______!!!

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16. Preventing Heat Illness _____________ sense and precaution –Consume fluids and ___________ Fluid and __________________ Replacement –Single most important step taken by a coach to minimize the chance of heat illnesses –Continual _________________ is critically important –Generally only 50% of fluid is ever replaced and should therefore be replaced before, during, and after exercise

17. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. –Fluid replacement should match ____________ Most effectively replaced at regular intervals (15 minutes) –Time of stomach emptying is critical Water is absorbed rapidly from intestine Drink with 6% CHO is eliminated at the same rate if the individual is hydrated _________ drinks tend to empty rapidly and will not induce cramping Drinks with caffeine and alcohol will promote _____________ –Hydration levels can be monitored via ________ color and volume Appropriate hydration = clear urine at normal or above- normal output level 60 minutes following exercise

18. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Using Sports Drinks –_____ effective than just replacing fluids with water –Flavoring results in increased desire to consume –Replaces fluids and ______________ –Small amounts of _______ help in retention of water –Different drinks have different nutrient levels –Optimal CHO level is 14g per ___ ounces of water –More CHO results in slower absorption –Effective for both short term and endurance activities

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20. Gradual Acclimatization –Most effective method of avoiding heat stress –Involves becoming ___________ to heat and exercising in heat –Early pre-season training and graded intensity changes are recommended with progressive exposure over __________ day period –80% of acclimatization can be achieved during first 5-6 days with 2 hour morning and _____________ practice sessions

21. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Identifying Susceptible Individuals –Athletes with ________ muscle mass –____________ athletes –Athlete with increased fluid loss –While slight differences exist, precautionary measures apply to both males and females –Athletes consuming medications or ___________ may have impaired sweating and may predispose them to injury Uniform Selection –Base on temperature and ___________ –Dress for the weather and temperature –_________ rubberized suits

22. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Weight Records –Keep track of before and after measures for first ___________ –If increase in temperature and humidity occurs during the season, weights should again be recorded –A loss of ________-% = reduced blood volume and could be a health threat

23. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. _________________ Most activity allows for adequate heat production (increased metabolism) and dissipation, allowing for sufficient functioning Impact on warm-up and “_____________” Temperature in conjunction with wind chill and dampness or wetness can increase chances of _______________

24. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. With __________ fatigue, rate of exercise begins to drop and rate of heat loss relative to heat production may shift –Results in impaired neuromuscular responses and _____________ Drop in core temp stimulates shivering but stops after temp drops below _________ o F Death is imminent when temp falls below 77- 85 o F.

25. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cold Disorders Fluid replacement is critical even under colder environmental conditions –Dehydration = decreased _________ = less fluid available for tissue _____________ May be useful to monitor weight of athletes training in cold temperatures While less common, injury/illness due to the cold still occur, particularly in ____________ type activities, winter sports and swimming in cold water

26. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. _____________ –Apparel geared for weather to provide semitropical microclimate for body and prevent ________ –__________ and windproof fabrics that allow passage of heat and sweat, and allow movement –__________ and adjusting them are key to maintaining body temperature (during period of (in-activity) –Inadequate clothing, improper warm-up and chill factor can lead to injury, frostbite, and/or minor ___________ problems

27. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Overexposure to _______- Precautions must be taken to protect athletes, coaches, athletic trainers and support staff ____________ Effects on Skin –Premature aging and skin ________ due to ultraviolet exposure –Premature aging is characterized by ________, cracking and inelasticity of the ________ –Skin cancer is the most common malignant tumor found in ________-

28. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Using _____________ –Can help prevent damaging effects of UV radiation –Sunscreen effectiveness is expressed as _____ (sun protection factor) Indicates how many times longer an individual can be exposed to the sun with vs. without sunscreen before skin turns _____. The _______ the susceptibility, the higher the SPF that should be used –Should be worn by ______, coaches, and athletic trainers who are outside a considerable amount, and/or have fair complexion, light hair, blue eyes, or skin that ____________

29. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. –Sunscreen use is at its highest March - November but should be used year round (particularly between the hours of ________) –It should be applied _______ minutes before exposure and re-applied after exposure to water, excess __________, rubbing skin with clothing or a towel