1. Water Movement

2. The World’s Water 97% Salt Water 2.5 % Frozen Fresh Water.5% Usable Fresh Water

3. Water Cycle Hydrosphere- water of Earth’s surface Water Cycle- movement of water in the hydrosphere, driven by sunlight

4. Water Cycle

6. Recharge Rains more than plants use Extra water stored in soil In rain forests extra water produces water vapor which creates rain

7. Surplus 1. Rain Continues 2. Soil becomes full 3. Extra water runs off 4. Water Table raises at times flood occur

8. Usage Plants use more water than it rains Plants Draw from soil supply

9. Deficit Need for moisture continues Soil Storage runs out

10. Water Budget Graphs Water budgets describe how much water is received and used in a region Graphs show the moisture supply versus the moisture need for a region

11. Can Rocks Hold Water? Porosity- percentage of a volume that is pore space Shape- more round increases porosity Sorting- poorly sorted reduce porosity Cement filling reduces porosity

12. Permeability Rate that liquids go through pore spaces Increases with porosity (NOT ALWAYS TRUE) –Holes must connect IMPERMEABLE- liquid can’t get through

13. Capillary Water Water that sticks to grains Only evapotranspiration can remove it

14. Water Table

15. Depth depends on rainfall, season, soil thickness, climate Water Table is at the surface at swamps, lakes, rivers etc. Hundreds of meters below surface in deserts Few meters below surface in forests, farms

16. Wells Ordinary Wells- holes dug down to the water table to bring groundwater up Wells must be dug below the lowest level the water table could fall to during dry seasons

17. Aquifers Aquifers- permeable materials that carry groundwater

18. Artesian Formations Artesian Formation- aquifer under nonporous layers holds groundwater Artesian Wells- release water from Artesian formations

19. Groundwater Pollution Fertilizers, Toxic chemicals and even salt can get into groundwater as it moves through the soil Restricting use of these pollutants can help clean up water

20. Conserving Groundwater Excess use of groundwater can lower the water table Artificial methods of groundwater recharge can help refill the water table

21. Water Temperatures Water below the surface (up to 20m) remains the average temperature for that region If average temp is below freezing water is permanently frozen - PERMAFROST

22. Water Temps Below 20m temps rise 1°C for every 40m Deep wells or springs may have warm water

23. Paint Pots Volcanic activity can also heat water to boiling temps Paint Pot- hot water comes up through thick clays

24. Geysers Boiling hot springs that gush hot water and steam periodically Blockages or constrictions in the waters path to the surface put it under pressure

25. Fumaroles Hot gas and steam escape from cracks in the ground

26. Minerals in Groundwater As water goes through the soil it dissolves minerals Type of soil, temperature and length of passage determines mineral content Hard water contains many ions, especially calcium Artesian water is harder than groundwater Groundwater is harder than river water

27. Mineral Springs Contain to many minerals to drink Caused by –easy dissolved rock –acids in water –Water is hot, minerals dissolve easier

28. Caverns CO2 in the air dissolves into rain Carbonic Acid is created Limestone underground is dissolved by carbonic acid in water

29. Sinkholes If the cave roof dissolves or falls in a sinkhole forms

30. Karst Regions with lots of sinkholes, sink ponds, caves and lost rivers. Lost rivers form when streams flow underground and resurface kilometers away Major areas MI, S. Indiana, Kentucky, Tenn, Florida

31. Dripstones Calcite deposit from dripping water Stalactites- hang from ceiling Stalagmites- come up from the ground Pillars- form when the two meet

32. Travertine Calcite deposit around a mineral spring

33. Geyserite Silica deposit formed from the hot igneous rocks the water passed through

34. Petrified Wood Minerals dissolved in water replace the decaying wood of buried trees