1. SEA ROUTE (PART 3)

3. Land route to China grew increasingly dangerous after Marco Polo’s journey 1) Death of Kublai Kahn Mongol empire declined and thus Mongols no longer policed the Silk Road 2) Isolationist policies of the Ming dynasty Did nothing to encourage trade between China and the rapidly developing West

4. However, Europeans still wanted these goods They bought expensive eastern goods from middlemen (the Muslim merchants) The Europeans wanted to get their goods more cheaply than buying them from the middlemen

5. Led an expedition that opened the sea route to India by way of the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa

6. Traders needed to come to SEA for goods Da Gama asked whether he could take a pepper stalk with him for replanting before leaving Calicut. However, it was not possible because the region's unusual twin monsoon with heavy rain was very important to the growth of pepper. “You can take our pepper, but you will never be able to take our rains.” What does this mean?

7. 1.Can you identify the countries that make up SEA? 2.Which are SEA’s two largest neighbours?

8. Southeast Asia lies between the Indian and Pacific oceans and stretches from Asia almost to Australia. It consists of two main parts: (1) the mainland peninsula, which borders China to the north and India to the west (2) The islands, the largest of which include Sumatra, Borneo, and Java. All of Southeast Asia lies within the warm, humid tropics. Monsoon winds bring the region long annual rains.

9. Class Discussion A trader from Southern India wanted Chinese Silk. He had two options: he could sail directly to China or go to Palembang. Which option would be better for him? Answer: SEA ports served as COLLECTION CENTRES for goods Less time needed: Need not to be away from his family for too long Cheaper: Did not have to spend too much money on the journey Less Dangerous with a shorter journey: Heard about the pirates and is worried for his safety Still obtain silk and earn money: Earn as much money as possible from trading in Chinese silk

10. SEA ports also served as CONVENIENT STOPOVERS due to monsoons A monsoon is a seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing, or strongest, winds of a region The summer monsoon and the winter monsoon determine the climate for most of India and Southeast Asia Southeast Asia lies in the midpoint of the most direct sea route between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea

11. Learning more about Sea Route through Admiral Zheng He’s voyages Zheng He was China's most famous maritime explorer Travelled more than 50,000 km to over 30 countries during his 7 voyages over 28 years

12. A replica of Zheng He's treasure ship in Nanjing's Baochuan Shipyard The great ships included enormous junks up to 120 metres long with nine masts and 12 square sails made of silk

14. Zheng He's flagship (Baochuan) Christoper Columbus' Santa Maria "The ships which sail the Southern Sea are like houses. When their sails are spread they are like great clouds in the sky.” A description by a Chinese Historian

15. Navigator Number of Ships Number of Crew Zheng He (1405 - 1433)48 to 31728,000 Columbus (1492)390 Da Gama (1498)4160 Magellan (1521)5265 It was the largest fleet that the world had ever seen and it would not be surpassed for another 500 years.

16. Importance of Zheng He’s Voyages Zheng He needed to control the Strait of Malacca. Why? The strait is the main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, linking major Asian economies such as India, China, Japan and South Korea

17. In order to control the straits, he needed to deal with neighbouring SEA ports. 1.Friendship with Parameswara (ruler of Melaka) 2.Captured Chen Zuyi (ruler of Palembang)

18. You, king (refer to Parameswara), travelled tens of thousands of li across the ocean to the capital. I (emperor Yongle) have been glad to meet with you, king, and feel that you should stay. However, your people are longing for you and it is appropriate that you return to soothe them. The weather is getting colder and the winds are suited for sailing South. It is the right time. You should eat well on your journey and look after yourself, so as to reflect my feelings of concern for you. Now I am conferring upon you, king, a gold and jade belt, ceremonial insignia, two "saddled horses", 100 liang of gold, 500 liang of silver, 400,000 guan of paper money, 2,600 guan of copper cash, 300 bolts of embroidered fine silks and silk gauzes, 1,000 bolts of thin silks. An account of Parameswara’s visit to Ming China in 1411

19. 1. Friendship with Parameswara Siam was a rival: Attacked Malacca three times but attacks were repelled New protector of Malacca: In 1409, the sultan paid tribute to the Ming emperor to ask for protection against Siam. Malacca was made as protectorate of Ming China Result: Siam was deterred from further threatening Malacca Parameswara

20. 2. Captured Chen Zuyi Ruler of Palembang Strongest pirate of Southeast Asia with 5,000 men and 10 ships Raided ships and preyed on merchants in the Strait of Malacca for several years Question: How did Zuyi’s raids affect traders in Southeast Asia? Answer: Traders might be bankrupt and might even lose their lives. As such, they would not be willing to use this trade route.

21. 160 different types of goods were imported during the Ming Dynasty as a result of Zheng He’s voyages Import and Export of goods were done in ports along the maritime trade routes  Impact on SEA ports? Left: Pet giraffe of the Sultan of Bengal, brought from Medieval Somalia, and later taken to China Right: Chinese silks, porcelain, and tools were highly prized throughout Southeast Asia (Prosperity)

22. What do the star and crescent moon represent? Answer: Islam (Melaka’s state religion)

23. Zhenghe performed his personal role as a pious Muslim to spread Islam Born as the second son of a poor Muslim familu in Kunyang. He was raised a Muslim and studied the teaching of Islam. His father and grandfather were both Haji (Muslims who visited Mecca for pilgrimage) Birth name was Ma He – “Ma” is the Chinese abbreviation for the Muslim “Mohamed”

24. Muhammad Cheng Hoo Mosque was built to commemorate the historic visit of acclaimed Chinese- Muslim explorer Islam already spread to Southeast Asia: When Zheng’s fleet stopped at Semarang in 1413, Zheng He and his attendants, Ma Huan and Fei Xin, went together to the local mosque to pray Contributions: Increased spread of Islam Built more mosques in Andro, Cirebon, Tuban, Gresik, Ruoban and Java in Jakarta in 1411 Established more Chinese Muslim communities in Southeast Asia