1. Population Ecology

2. 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF A POPULATION:
Density- individuals per unit area
“natural population”
2) Growth Rate- change in the number of individuals of any species
3) Geographic distribution- area inhabited by a population

3. 3 FACTORS THAT AFFECT POPULATION:
# Of Births
# Of Deaths
# Of Individuals that ENTER and LEAVE a population

4. 2 TYPES OF POPULATION GROWTH

5. 1) EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
Population grows EXTREMELY RAPID and at a CONSTANT RATE
Unlimited resources
Results:
J-Shaped curve

6. 2) LOGISTIC GROWTH
Period of Exponential Growth, but will STOP or SLOW DOWN
CARRYING CAPACITY: total # of individuals a population can support
Limited Resources
RESULTS:
S-shaped curve
Goes through a # of Phases

7. Human Population Growth

8. Predator – Prey Relationship

9. LIMITING FACTOR FACTOR THAT CAUSES THE POPULATION TO DECREASE
Density Dependent
Density Independent

10. Density-Dependent Limiting Factors
Factors that depend on the SIZE of a population
EXAMPLES: *Competition
*Predation
*Disease
*Parasitism

11. Density-Independent Limiting Factors
Factors that affect ALL population regardless of population size
EXAMPLES:
*Natural disasters
*Weather
*Human Activities

12. Changes in Ecosystems: Ecological Succession

13. What is Ecological Succession?
Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area
Can be primary or secondary

14. Primary Succession Begins in a place without any soil:
Sides of volcanoes
Landslides
Flooding
First, lichens that do not need soil to survive grow on rocks
Next, mosses (nonvascular plant---does not have xylem or phloem) grow to hold newly made soil and are known as a PIONEER SPECIES (1st to inhabit an area)

15. Pioneer Species
Low, growing moss plants trap moisture and prevent soil erosion
Lichens break down rock to form soil.

16. Primary Succession Steps
Simple plants (ex: mosses and ferns) grow in the new soil
Simple plants die (adding more nutrients to the soil) thickening the soil and other plants begin to grow
Process repeats; shrubs and trees survive
Insects, small birds, mammals, etc move into an area and now can support a variety of life

17. Secondary Succession
Begins in a place that already has soil and was once the home of living organisms
Occurs faster and has different pioneer species than primary succession
Example: after forest fires

20. Ecological Succession Recap 2 types of ecological succession:
Primary Succession (no soil; ex: volcano lava flow with a pioneer species; longer process)
Secondary Succession (existing soil; disturbance; faster process)
Ecological Succession

21. Exit Ticket
Only write the answer! You may use your notes. Place in basket with name when finished. No talking!!!!
List 3 factors that affect population growth.
What are 3 characteristics of a population?
What type of growth goes through a period of rapid growth, and slows down or stops?
What is the term for the largest # of individuals a population can hold?
What type of growth grows at a constant rate?
List 2 density-dependent limiting factors.
List 2 density-independent limiting factors.
Which type of succession begins in a place with no soil?
Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area is known as _____________.
Lichens, moss, and ferns are all example of which type of species? (Hint: 1st species to inhabit and area)

22. Human Impact on the Environment

23. Global Warming: in Earth’s average temperature due to the buildup of greenhouse gases which prevents heat from escaping

24. Caused by aerosol chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) CFC’s
Ozone depletion
Caused by aerosol chemicals called
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
CFC’s
Escape into atmosphere, reacts breaking down the ozone (O3, a protective atmospheric layer)
UV rays penetrate the atmosphere and cause harm to many organisms

26. Human Population Current: 7+ billion Estimated: 9+ billion (2042)

27. Effect of Disease on a Population
1. AIDS---final stage of HIV disease which causes severe immune deficiency
2. Influenza--- seasonal infectious disease caused by an RNA virus
3. Tuberculosis (TB)--- contagious bacterial infection that involves the lungs

28. Effect of Disease on a Population
4. Dutch Elm Disease--- an introduced species caused by a fungus and spead by elm bark beetle
5. Pfiesteria--- associated with harmful algal blooms and fish kills in NC

29. Human Impact Negative Positive Acid Rain Reforestation Deforestation
Habitat Destruction
Invasive/Non-native Species (no natural predators)
Ozone depletion from the release of CFCs
Reforestation
Crop Rotation
Recycling
Sustainable practice (Reduce, reuse, and recycle)
Organic

30. North Carolina Ecosystems
Acid Rain: effects in mountains
Beach Erosion: beach is moving further inland
Urban Development in the Piedmont: habitat destruction and water runoff
Waste Lagoons: hog farms (1995 an 8 acre hog waste lagoon in NC burst, spilling 25 million gallons of manure in the New River. The spill killed about 10 million fish and closed 364,000 acres of coastal wetlands to shellfishing.
Kudzu: as an invasive/non-native plant

31. Impact of Humans on Natural Resources

32. Non-renewable includes fossil fuels (petroleum, coal)
Natural resources:
Non-renewable includes fossil fuels (petroleum, coal)
Renewable
includes animals, plants, water, wind, etc.
even renewable resources can run out

33. Pollution: Agricultural Homes Industry DDT Fertilizers
Animal wastes (nitrogen)
Homes
Strong cleaning agents
Industry
Toxic gases and wastes
Acid rain

34. Causes Climate Changes
Deforestation
Destruction of forest
Caused by demand for wood products, need for space, farmland, housing, roads, etc
Causes Climate Changes
Increase in temperature
Decrease in moisture
Disrupts carbon cycle
Soil erosion
Loss of Biodiversity
Habitat fragmentation

35. Habitat Fragmentation

36. Habitat Fragmentation

37. Pesticide Use and Bioaccumulation
Pesticides negatively affects humans, animals, & the environment
Pesticide use can lead to resistance in pests
Pesticide concentration INCREASED/MAGNIFIED as you go up the food chain (Bioaccumulation)
RESULTS:
Ex: Toxicity in fish caused near extinction of fish eating birds

38. Sustainable Practices: environmental safe practice that promotes conservation
Help preserve the standard of living for future generations
Will provide clean air, water, fuel sources and air
Practices:
Recycle
Use energy efficient appliances
Use Solar Power
Use Wind power
Use Hydro power