1. Proposal for a Sino French cooperative project on CO2 evaluation of a THNS investment Jean-François JANIN French Ministry of Transport Claire BOUHOT RATP Ministère de l'Écologie, de l'Énergie, du Développement durable et de l'Aménagement du territoire WWW.developpement-durable.gouv.fr

2. Pages 2 Réunion Rapport d'activité 2007 Du 7 au 9 mai 2008 SOMMAIRE Evaluation how ? 6 ARTEMIS 10 ADEME-Deloitte 12 Modelling 15 Evaluation why ? 3 Research cooperative program 24 Factors of emissions 18 Changzhou BRT line 1 and 2 21

3. 3 3 3 Réunion Rapport d'activité 2007 Du 7 au 9 mai 2008 Sustainability (of a new THNS line, of the whole transport system of a city, of the whole city including housing...) implies minimization of energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Many people are willing to reduce the emissions from transport But few work has been done to provide simple tools for decision makers to evaluate: ➢ Performance (in terms of energy and CO2) of an isolated system ➢ Current emissions of a specific territory ➢ Forecasts of emissions under certain conditions Evaluation : Why ?

4. 4 4 4 Réunion Rapport d'activité 2007 Du 7 au 9 mai 2008 Framework UN Convention on Climate Change recommend actions to identify data to be collected, indicators to be produced to evaluate, communicate and verify the impact of actions taken to reduce impacts of transport on the climate In ARTEMIS project (Assessment and Reliability of Transport Emission Models and Inventory Systems), light and heavy vehicles were tested and a data base on emissions in various conditions was created ADEME (French Agency for Environment and Energy Control) asked Deloitte company to evaluate the energy efficiency and GHG emissions of transport mode Evaluation : How ?

5. 5 5 5 Réunion Rapport d'activité 2007 Du 7 au 9 mai 2008 Tests were made in 2005 to explore the influence of many factors: type of cars various driving conditions (congestion, average speed..;) loading Slope of the road type of fuel used Level of performance (Euro 2 to 4) The model issued in the project can help to simulate emissions at various levels (macroscopic to microscopic) http://www.inrets.fr/js/ur/lte/publi- autresactions/fichesresultats/ficheartemis/artemis.html ARTEMIS results

6. 6 6 6 Réunion Rapport d'activité 2007 Du 7 au 9 mai 2008 Tests were made in 2005 to explore the influence of many factors: type of cars various driving conditions (congestion, average speed..;) loading Slope of the road type of fuel used Level of performance (Euro 2 to 4) The model issued in the project can help to simulate emissions at various levels (macroscopic to microscopic) http://www.inrets.fr/js/ur/lte/publi- autresactions/fichesresultats/ficheartemis/artemis.html ARTEMIS results

7. 7 7 7 Réunion Rapport d'activité 2007 Du 7 au 9 mai 2008 ADEME-Deloitte results Study based on data provided ( for year 2005) by transport operating companies: Approach well-to-wheel: - for the tank-to-wheel approach data issued by transport companies - for well-to-tank, data issued by electricity and oil producers: French electricity (produced by nuclear and hydraulic energy) represents 48 gCO2/ kwh (European average of 344 gCO2/ kwh.) The goal is to compare the efficiency of different transport modes, taking into account the whole chain of energy involved in mobility of persons and goods.

8. 8 8 8 Réunion Rapport d'activité 2007 Du 7 au 9 mai 2008 ADEME-Deloitte results (2) Results given for PARIS- RATP (2005) for In normal circumstances, bus can compete with cars, but in off-peak hours, a bus can be less efficient than a private car driving 5 persons

9. 9 9 9 Réunion Rapport d'activité 2007 Du 7 au 9 mai 2008 Modelling A very important tool for evaluation: - effects of parameters and errors on the final results - calculate traffics, average speeds and accelerations -make forecasts and analyze scenarios - value of results depends on quality of data Cost of data collection, processing and distribution, can be mutualized between different actors (infrastructure and transport management centers). Quality of data is the condition and the results of cooperations of all the stake holders on a certain territory( district, urban area...)

10. 10 10 Réunion Rapport d'activité 2007 Du 7 au 9 mai 2008 How to compare emissions ? Relatively “easy” and meaningful: Emissions of two modes of transport for the same trip Emissions of the same transport system at different periods (hours of day, holidays/workdays, now and in 10 years...) Transport and housing in an urban area... More difficult and to use carefully Emissions in different cities and different countries (climate, culture, urban morphologies, regulation on public spaces, existing infrastructures and transit...) Methods need to be validated and followed by authorities in charge of sustainable mobility

11. 11 11 Réunion Rapport d'activité 2007 Du 7 au 9 mai 2008 Changzhou cooperative program BRT line 1 Operation since May 2008 15000 clients/day ---- BRT line 2 Operation in May 2009 Total (1+2) expected 50000 clients/day

12. 12 12 Réunion Rapport d'activité 2007 Du 7 au 9 mai 2008 Effects of BRT to quantify (1) Advantages for the transport company: - reduction of the number of bus, higher capacity - reductions of delays, idle operations and dwell time at stops These effects could be evaluated in analysing the operation data of the company Effects on the traffic along the lines - dedicated lines reduce congestion - less trafic - modal shift: travellers will be attracted by high quality of service These effects could be evaluated on the base of traffic data and household travel surveys in the area.

13. 13 13 Réunion Rapport d'activité 2007 Du 7 au 9 mai 2008 Effects of BRT to quantify (2) More intensive use of the land along the lines: - reduction of trip distance - reduction of number of motorized mobility These effects could be evaluated by household travel surveys and observation of changes of activities along the lines Reduction of pollution (local and GHG) - calculation on the basis of operation data and traffic data - direct monitoring on the field

14. 14 14 Réunion Rapport d'activité 2007 Du 7 au 9 mai 2008 Management of the research program Appropriate tools don't exist but there is already a lot of partial results available Some theoretical complements may be needed Case studies are the most important to validate and to maintain methods and trust The steering committee of the program will have to: - select case studies - organise funding of the work-packages - take care of dissemination - facilitate exchange of good practice - monitor the effective use and results