1. APES 1.Turn in Pro/Con List

2. Synfuels = Synthetic fuels Produced from coal, natural gas, or biomass feedstock through chemical conversion

3. Synfuels Chemically the same as crude oil or processed fuels, but were synthesized artificially.

4. Synfuels Used to replace oil/natural gas Derived from natural sources (like fossil fuels) More expensive than fossil fuels Production requires mining 50% more coal (which adds 50% to atm) Intense Chemical & Physical Changes

5. 3 Most Popular Types of Synfuels 1.Extra Heavy oil 2.Oil Sands 3.Oil Shale

6. Extra Heavy Oil Cannot easily flow to production wells under normal reservoir conditions –Higher viscosity –Higher specific gravity –Heavier molecular composition

7. Extra Heavy Oil Forms when oil that was once buried deep is exposed to bacteria that break down hydrocarbons and changes oil’s physical properties.

8. Extra Heavy Oil Less viscous than bitumen at reservoir temp. & pressure. Some degree mobility

9. Heavy Oil from Tar Sand Tar Sand or Oil Sand – mixture of clay, sand, water, and bitumen (oil) Bitumen = thick, sticky, tarlike heavy oil with high sulfur content

10. Heavy Oil from Tar Sand Can be surface mined, but must be heated to separate Must be refined before use (like oil)

11. Heavy Oil from Tar Sand HIGH impact on land, air, water, wildlife, & climate

12. Strip Mining for Tar Sands in Alberta* Fig. 15-8, p. 378

13. Heavy Oil from Tar Sand Energy input (burning natural gas) net energy Least efficient, dirtiest, and HIGH environmental impact

14. Heavy Oil from Shale Rocks containing kerogen (insoluble bitumen) Kerogen – mixture of hydrocarbons converts to crude oil when exposed to extreme heat & pressure.

15. Oil Shale Rock and the Shale Oil Extracted from It Fig. 15-9, p. 379

16. Oil from Shale Sedimentary rocks are crushed & heated Kerogen extracted & refined VERY $$$$$$ Abundant

17. Heavy Oil from Shale net energy, environmental impact water use (5 barrels H 2 0/1 barrel oil) CO 2 than oil (27 – 52%)

18. Trade-Offs: Heavy Oils from Oil Shale and Oil Sand Fig. 15-10, p. 379

19. OTHER Gas Hydrates aka Methane Hydrates –Ice encrusted natural gas found deep underground in permafrost or beneath ocean floor at depths reater than 1,640 feet –VERY $$$$$

20. OTHER Coal Liquefaction –Liquid made from coal but is less polluting (sulfur) –VERY $$$$$$

21. Other Coal Gasification (Synthetic Natural Gas – SNG) –Production of methane from coal –Burns similar to natural gas –Scrubbers not needed, but VERY $$$$

22. Problems with Synfuels CO2 emissions, global warming Cannot be used in areas with water problems because of huge volumes needed to create/process, refine Land disturbance and degradation associated with mining and extraction

23. US Energy Strategy ENERGY is needed to maintain our lifestyles US is world’s largest energy user – we use more energy than China, Russia, Japan, and Germany COMBINED! YIKES! US = China + Russia + Japan + Germany

24. US Energy Strategy

25. 1.Limited fossil fuel supply 2.Pollution from burning of fossil fuels is increasing 3.Foreign dependence on oil makes us vulnerable

26. WHAT SHOULD WE DO!?

27. WHAT SHOULD WE DO?! Obvious Answer: Shift to alternative sources. Is that easy?

28. WHAT SHOULD WE DO?! Decisions/Actions have to be taken by government to: 1.Promote alternatives ensuring subsidies/tax breaks. 2.Remove traditional subsidies/tax breaks for fossil fuels

29. Bush Administration Actions  1.Denied US participation in Kyoto Protocol to reduce CO2 emissions based on unequal financial burden on developed countries 2.Proposed $2 billion government subsidy program for “cleaner coal” technology 3.Supported Clean Air Act exceptions for older pollutinc coal burning power plants already existing/producing

30. Obama Administration Actions... Much of the same 