1. ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature ARISTOTLE - 350 B. C. Developed laws of motion based on force producing a velocity in a body. No force, no velocity. GALILEO - 1564-1642 Developed laws of motion discordant with those of Aristotle. Force produces an acceleration.

2. ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature A New View of Nature Sir Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727) - followed Galileo’s lead - developed fundamental laws of motion - revolutionized mathematics and science - experienced moment of inspiration at 24 years old - saw apple fall from tree and suddenly understood gravity - published most famous book in science in 1687 - Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica - Principia for short - built first reflecting telescope - invented calculus

3. ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature DEFINITIONS (CONTINUED) INERTIA: Resistance a body offers to a change in its state of motion. MASS: A measure of a body's inertia MOMENTUM: Mass x velocity

4. ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature Newton’s First Law A body remains at rest or moves along a straight line with constant velocity so long as no external force acts upon it. I.e., things tend to keep on what they are already doing. Also called the law of inertia.

5. ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature Examples: Pulling a table cloth out from under a table setting The reaction of coffee in a cup when accelerating or decelerating in a car Tightening of a hammerhead by banging hammer on the ground Getting ketchup out of a bottle Not wearing a seatbelt during a head- on car crash Headrests in a car to prevent whiplash during a read-end collision

6. ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature Gravity and Acceleration Animation Galileo demonstrated that all objects accelerated at same rate regardless of mass - supposedly dropped balls of different mass from Leaning Tower of Pisa

7. ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature Acceleration of Gravity All objects in a gravitational field fall at a constant acceleration - g - regardless of mass On Earth - g = 9.8 m/s 2 or 32 ft/s 2 On the Moon - g = 1.63 m/s 2 or 1/6th that of Earth Remember: distance = 1/2at 2 So, to calculate height of building - drop a rock and time its fall - h = 1/2gt 2

8. ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature Hammer and Feather on the Moon

9. ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature The Pendulum The Pendulum can be used to calculate g P = 2  (L/g) 1/2 P is the period and L is the length of the pendulum g = 4  2 L/P 2 This formula will be derived later when we discuss conservation of energy

10. ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature Newton’s Second law A body (m) acted upon by a force (f) will accelerate (a) in the direction of the applied force. The greater the force or the smaller the mass, the greater will be the acceleration. F = ma

11. ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature Pushing Cart Animation Newton’s 2nd Law F = ma or a = F/m

12. ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature Mass and Weight INERTIA: Resistance a body offers to a change in its state of motion. MASS: A measure of a body's inertia - mass resists acceleration A = F/m Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass WEIGHT: Gravitational force on a body— Proportional to its mass. Mass is not weight! Weight is as force - the force of gravity. W = F = ma = mg 1 lb = 4.44 N

13. ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature Newton’s 2nd Law Explains the Feather and the Ball 1 kg on the Earth weighs 9.8 N or 2.2 lbs F = W = mg W = 1kg X 9.8 m/s = 9.8 kg m/s = 9.8 N Take a 1 kg rock and a 10 kg rock and drop them from the same height a 1 = F 1 /m 1 = W 1 /m 1 = 9.8 N/1 kg = 9.8 m/s = g a 2 = F 2 /m 2 = W 2 /m 2 = 98 N/10 kg = 9.8 m/s = g

14. ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature apparent weight - weight force that we actually sense not the downward force of gravity, but the normal (upward) force exerted by the surface we stand on - opposes gravity and prevents us falling to the center of the Earth - what is measured by a weighing scale. For a body supported in a stationary position, normal force exactly balances earth's gravitational force - apparent weight has the same magnitude as actual weight. If no contact with any surface to provide such an opposing force - no sensation of weight (no apparent weight). - free-fall - experienced by sky-divers and astronauts in orbit who feel "weightless" even though their bodies are still subject to the force of gravity - also known as microgravity. A degree of reduction of apparent weight occurs, for example, in elevators. In an elevator, a spring scale will register a decrease in a person's (apparent) weight as the elevator starts to accelerate downwards. This is because the opposing force of the elevator's floor decreases as it accelerates away underneath one's feet. Apparent Weight

15. ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature Apparent Weight Animation

16. ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature Friction is a Force That Affects Motion  W FNFN FgFg FfFf The force due to friction, F f, is equal to the normal force, F N. The block will slide when the friction force is equal to the component of the gravitational force in the direction along the plane, F g. From simple trigonometry: F f =  Wcos(  ) Where  is the coefficient of friction F g = Wsin(  ) So the block will slide when  Wcos(  ) = Wsin(  ) So  = sin(  )/cos(  ) = tan(  ) The larger  is the larger  must be for the block to slide