1. The SUN

2. What is the earth’s primary source of energy?
The Sun

3. What is the sun made of?
Gas

4. 3. Draw the sun and label the four main parts.

5. Photos
Light

6. Sphere
Ball

7. 6. The photosphere is the surface of the sun. What does it do?
Radiates light from the sun

8. 7. The sun’s photosphere is composed of 90%__________ and 10%_________.
Hydrogen
Helium
Hydrogen atoms

9. 8. Chromosphere
Thin layer of hot gases

10. 9. Corona
Outermost portion of the solar atmosphere

11. 10. Solar Wind
Streams of protons and electrons that boil from the corona

12. 11. Sunspot
Dark areas on the surface of the photosphere

13. 12. Why do sunspots appear dark?
Because of their cooler temperature, 1500 k ( °F) less than the surrounding solar surface.

14. 13. Prominences
Huge cloudlike structures made of chromospheric gases

15. 14. Solar Flare
Brief outbursts of energy from a sunspot

16. Solar Flare

17. 15. What do solar flares release?
Ultraviolet, radio, and X-ray radiation

18. 16. What causes an Aurora?
A strong solar flare

19. 17. What is another name for an Aurora?
Northern and Southern Lights

23. 18. Deep in its interior, the sun produces energy by a process known as __________ _________.
Nuclear
Fusion H H

24. 19. What happens during the process of nuclear fusion?
Four hydrogen nuclei are converted into the nucleus of a helium atom
Energy is released

25. 20. What is Einstein’s equation and what does it mean?
E = mc2
The energy of an object is equal to its mass X the speed of light squared

26. LIGHT

27. 1. Electromagnetic Radiation
Types of energy.
Gamma rays
X-rays
Ultraviolet light
Visible light
Infrared radiation
Microwaves
Radio waves

29. Longer wavelength
Shorter wavelength

31. 2. Wavelength
Distance from one wave crest (top) to the next.

32. 3. Frequency
The number of waves in a certain distance.

33. 4. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Arrangement of waves according to their wavelength and frequencies.

35. 5. Speed of Light
300,000 km/s or 3.0 x 105 km/s or 3.0E5 km/s. All forms of energy waves travel at this speed.

36. How fast is the speed of light in miles per hour?
1 km per hour = _______________ mph
300,000 km per second X 60 seconds = 18,000,000 km per hour
18,000,000 km per hour X = 11,184, mph

37. 6. Visible Light
The band of electromagnetic radiation we can see.

38. 7. Photon
Stream of light particles, a small particle of light.

39. 8. Radiation Pressure
The force exerted by photons. Photons actually push on matter.

40. Radiation
The transfer of energy (heat) through space by electromagnetic waves.

41. COLOR WAVELENGTH Violet 380-440 Blue 440-500 Green 500-560 Yellow
Table 1: Colors and Corresponding Wavelengths
COLOR
WAVELENGTH
Violet
Blue
Green
Yellow
Orange
Red

42. 9. Which color has the longest wavelength?
RED
10. Which color has the highest frequency?
VIOLET

43. Longer wavelength = Lower Frequency Shorter wavelength =
Higher Frequency
More Energy

44. 24.1 The Study of Light Spectroscopy  Absorption Spectrum
• An absorption spectrum is a continuous spectrum produced when white light passes through a cool gas under low pressure. The gas absorbs selected wavelengths of light, and the spectrum looks like it has dark lines superimposed.

45. 24.1 The Study of Light Spectroscopy  Emission Spectrum
• An emission spectrum is a series of bright lines of particular wavelengths produced by a hot gas under low pressure.
• When the spectrum of a star is studied, the spectral lines act as “fingerprints.” These lines identify the elements present and thus the star’s chemical composition.

46. Formation of Spectra
Makes no sense without caption in book

51. 24.1 The Study of Light The Doppler Effect
 The Doppler effect is the apparent change in frequency of electromagnetic or sound waves caused by the relative motions of the source and the observer.
 In astronomy, the Doppler effect is used to determine whether a star or other body in space is moving away from or toward Earth.

52. The Doppler Effect
Makes no sense without caption in book

55. Doppler effect on light