1. Russian Politics in Transition Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 5 possibilities for Russia’s future –Progression towards marketization and democratization –Gradual introduction of “soft authoritarianism” –Return to extreme authoritarianism –Disintegration of Russia into individual states –Economic decline, civil war, and military expansionism

2. Russian Politics in Transition Political challenges and Changing Agendas Russia’s resentment against Western dominance seen in the country’s opposition to NATO expansion, Desert Fox operation of ’98 and NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in ’99. Russia showed a changing attitude towards the West, post- 9/11 –Committed to join fight against international terrorism –NATO-Russia Council formed in 2002 –G-8 announced Russian presidency in 2006 –Putin and Bush agreed to a reduction of nuclear arsenals in both countries in May, 2002

3. Russian Politics in Transition Political Challenges and Changing Agendas Despite signs of warmer relations towards the west, disagreements remain: –Russia criticized American withdrawal from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty –Russia also opposed military action to take Saddam Hussein out of power Decreased reliance on Western imports came with the 1998 devaluation of the ruble

4. Russian Politics in Transition Political Challenges and Changing Agendas In 1998, 67% of Russians rated government performance as poor in economic policy, crime control, unemployment, social security and health care; the figure dropped to 53% in 2000. Most Russians are too preoccupied with economic struggles to worry about forming political identities and Russian intermediary organizations are weak. These conditions allow politicians to appeal directly to peoples emotions. High level of education and increased exposure to international media may spark political activism.

5. Russian Politics in Transition Russian Politics in Comparative Perspective Russia’s high level of development offers advantages and disadvantages in developing: –Damaged natural environment, traditional bureaucratic structures, a large nuclear arsenal and existing modern structures all impede the progress of Russian development Compared to the other 15 nations of the former Soviet Union, Russia has faired decently in democratization/ modernization With the exception of the Chechen crisis, Russia has managed to stay out of major domestic conflicts unlike many of its neighbors Russia’s success or failure will undoubtedly influence the struggles for democracy in neighboring countries and other “developing democracies.”