1. Sociology Chapter 2

2. Soc. Feb. 2 Bell Work  Grab Book  Read pgs.30 to 32 first 10 min.’s Schedule  Notes: Basic Concepts; intro to Scientific  Your Turn

3. Basics of Sociological Investigation Basically the methods that sociologists use to conduct research Two Basic requirements  Look @ world sociologically (using soc. persp.)  Be curious and ask Questions What were some of the ?’s Lois began asking?  Who are the black leaders? what effect does being a racial minority have on their view of themselves?

4. Sociology is a science Its one form of truth  Logical system that bases knowledge on direct and systematic observation Scientific Sociology  Study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior. Knowledge is based on empirical evidence  Which is evidence we can verify with our senses.

5. Lesson Closing Reread the six common sense Task #1  Complete the “Your turn” box at the bottom of page 32 in folders At least three examples; could be anything and how you found out they weren’t true. May work with a partner, but needs to be in own folder Read some of book (project book)

6. Thurs. Bell Work  Grab Book look  Answer: in Notes What are the 3 Ways to study sociology?  Scientific  Interpretive  Critical What is Scientific Sociology  Study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior Schedule  Notes: 3 Ways to do sociology #1 (Scientific) Lesson Closing  Recap and L-J#1

7. Scientific Sociology Read pgs. 33/34 What is it?  Study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior Concept: mental construct that represents some part of the world in simplified form  Examples: Society, family, economy Variable: Concept whose value changes from case to case  Examples: Prices from item-item in a store; to identify different “social classes.”

8. Scientific Sociology Measurement: procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case.  Can be very difficult to measure sociologically Can look at many different aspects of a situation  B/c variables can be measured differently sociologists have to decide which to consider. Looking at social class; what qualifies a person for a certain class? Wealth, education, living address, occupation?  Operationalize a Variable specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable.  Popcorn Read example on pg.33

9. Scientific Sociology Reliability and Validity  Reliability: Consistency in measurement over repeated trials  Validity: Actually measuring what you intended to measure How would simply asking people how often they attended their church not meet the goal of studying how religious people are?

10. Lesson Closing Task #2  Read and answer Applying Soc. On page 34 Task #3  Record your amount correct every time!  L-J #1 L-J #1 Read some of book for project!!

11. Bell Work Get Folders and book Get papers from the back  Why is it important to operationalize a variable? To make sure the sociologist know exactly what they are trying to measure  Why are two really important concepts to researchers? Reliability and Validity

12. Relationship among Variables Cause and Effect:  Relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another  Independent Variable: Variable that causes change  Dependent Variable: Variable that changes

13. Relationship among Variables Correlation  When 2 (or more) variables changes together. Spurious Correlation.  Apparent, but false, correlation between 2 (or more) variables.  Found through the use of control  Popcorn Read and refer to example on pg.s 35-36

14. Objectivity Personal neutrality in conducting research Replication  Repetition of research by others in order to assess its accuracy.

15. Limitations of Scientific Sociology Human behavior is too complex for sociologists to predict accurately any individuals actions Presence of a researcher can affect the behavior being studied Social patterns change Hard for sociologist to be objective and keep personal values out of their research

16. Lesson Closing Task #5  Read Article Day America Told the truth on pg. 26; answer questions Task #6  Read Article Separating the Wheat and the Chaff: on page 27-29: answer ?s

17. Tues, Sept 15 Bell Work (1 st 10 minutes)  Finish up Task #5 and #6 Read Interpretive Sociology Part on page 38-39

18. Interpretive Sociology What is it?  Study of society that focuses on the meaning people attach to their social world  Verstehen: “understand” Who Founded it?  Max Weber: argued that focus of sociology should go beyond just observation and into interpretation

19. Critical Sociology: Read Section What is it?  Study of society that focuses on the need for social change  Point is to not merely study the world, but to change it Who founded it?  Karl Marx Rejected idea of society being a “natural” system What did he also find/start?  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbTIJ9_bLP4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbTIJ9_bLP4

20. Gender and Research 5 ways gender affects research  Androcentricity: approaching the issue from the male perspective  Over-generalizing: using data drawn from studying only one sex to support conclusions for general human behavior  Gender Blindness: not considering the variable of gender at all  Double Standards: permitting/applying something to one but not another  Interference: subject reacting to the sex of the researcher.

21. Lesson Closing Research Ethics  All studies must follow certain guidelines like not harming subjects, disclosing $$ sources, and publicizing all Data for everyone Task #8  Complete Your Turn on page 40

22. Bell Work Get books and folders Task #8  In folders answer these questions What are the 5 ways gender affects research? Who founded critical sociology What does interpretive sociology look at? What does objectivity mean?

23. Folder Questions What are the 5 ways gender affects research?  Androcentricity, overgeneralizing, gender blindness, double standards, interference Who founded critical sociology  Karl Marx What does interpretive sociology look at?  Focus’ on meaning people attach to their behaviors What does objectivity mean?  Having a neutrality in research

24. Methods of Sociological Research Research Method  Systematic plan for conducting research  Four common methods Four types  Experiment  Survey  Participant Observation  Using available data

25. Experiment Research method to investigate cause and effect.  Explanatory in nature Hypothesis (ideas that are tested)  Unverified statements of a relationship b.t variables  Conducts in labs w/ two typical groups Experimental and Control Hawthorne Effect  Change in a subjects behavior by awareness of being studied Read Illustration on page 43.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmwSC5fS40w http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmwSC5fS40w

26. Lesson Closing Word Search Activity  Create a word-search for 12 terms covered so far in Chapter 2 Creating word/definition clues for the vocab. Words not just listing them Will have various other times to work on it! Due Friday Afternoon

27. Bell Work: Thurs Bell Work  Get book/folder  Task #9 Write a hypothesis for conducting an experiment that deals with population density and personal health.  What would be the indep./depend. variables

28. Thinking about Diversity In folders read on pg.42 Answer Questions as Task #10 #1  By wording certain phrases wrong to some cultures that are overly polite, might agree out of politeness; i.e. some Hispanic cultures #2  Learn in advance the ways of life of any category of people involved in the research #3: just make some notes on what you think could be similarities and differences.  Just discuss.

29. Survey Survey: Research method in which subjects respond to a series of questions in 2 major forms  Usually more descriptive than explanatory Population: People who are the focus of research  Sample: part of the population that represents the whole. Often uses random sampling

30. Survey Two main types  Questionnaire Series of written questions a researcher presents to subjects. Can be closed/open ended.  Interview Series of questions done in person by a researcher to respondents. Illustration  Popcorn Read: Studying African American Elite

31. Experimental Survey Story Task #11 Billy decided to conduct an experiment that looked at how people viewed pre-marital co-habitation. Billy believed that both age and religion would have a great affect on the views toward pre-marital co-habitation. Particularly age would show drastic results. He believed that by separating the 90 random people from his community he interviewed into age ranges he could see a drastic difference in their approach to his subject. He decided to separate them 15- 30, 31-45, 46-60, and 60-up. Billy decided to conduct his research by passing out a piece of paper that had yes/no questions about their views towards his topic. They would also complete an age/religion/gender section so that Billy could look at various results Identify: Hypothesis, Ind./Dep. Variable (s), type of method, population, sample and what you believe the results would conclude

32. Lesson Closing Anchor Activities  Task #12:Thinking Critically in folders #1-3  Work on Word Search  Read from Soc. Book “If it's far away, it's news, but if it's close at home, it's sociology”If it's far away, it's news, but if it's close at home, it's sociology

33. Bell Work  10 min.’s to work on word searches  Read from Sociology book if done  L-J #3 L-J #3

34. Review Studying a certain town in an experiment would be called the?  Population Taking 50 people from different age groups/genders would be the?  Sample Asking them a series of questions personally would be?  Interview Asking them a series of questions in a closed and written form would be?  Questionnaire Both of these are called?  Surveys

35. Participant Observation Research method in which investigators systematically (w/a purpose) observe people while joining them in their routine activities. Allows researchers an in-depth look at social life in many settings Most research done this way is both exploratory and descriptive Relies heavily on personal judgment and lacks scientific strength Example  Coaching

36. Part. Observation: Illustration Read the Illustration (popcorn or silent?) Brought out the value and idea of using a key informant in field research.

37. Using Available Data: Existing Sources Using/analyzing existing sources and data collection by others  Not all research requires self-collection  Most evidence/statistics for soc. Is gathered by government agencies.  Appealing to many sociologists Cheap, easy, time-saving, and often better then what their findings could have been Illustration (read)  Exemplifies (shows greatly) the power of a researcher to analyze the past using historical sources.

38. Lesson Closing “Write about society as news and treat it like sociology.” Anchor Activities  Read In the Times, pg.50/51 Answer #1-3 in folder  Read from Sociology Book  Pass out Word search to 3 o’clock partner

39. Thurs. Feb. 12th Bell Work (1 st 15 min.s)  Turn in Word Search Answer these questions in complete sentences in folders (1 st 10 min.s)  What are 4 reasons soc.’s often prefer using existing data?  What are 2 or 3 good things that participant observation does?  What is participant observation in terms of its research? Read Interplay of theory/method pg.51-52

40. Interplay of theory/method Sociologists must know how to turn facts into meaning by building theory. This is done in two ways Inductive Logical Thought  Reasoning that transforms (builds) specific observations into general theory. Deductive Logical Thought:  Reasoning that transforms general ideas into specific hypothesis for testing. Just as different methods may be used in conduction, so might types of reasoning

41. 10 Steps of Sociological Investigation (follow along on pg.53) 1. What is your topic 1. Be curious, apply learned ideas 2. What have others learned 1. Do some research before you research 3. What are your questions? 1. Who, what, where, and why? 4. What will you need to carry out the research? 1. Time, money, resources? 5. Ethical Concerns? 1. Any harm or concerns to subjects? 6. What method will you use? 1. Consider all research strategies 7. How will you record the data? 1. Be alert for bias, record everything 8. What does the data say? 1. Look at it in terms of your initial questions 9. Conclusions? 1. Preparing a final report 10. How to share it 1. Share and look for feedback, but how?

42. Lesson Closing Anchor Activities  Complete Thinking it through on pg.54-55  Work on project proposal  Read sociology book

43. Thurs. Feb. 12th Bell Work (1 st 15 min.s)  Turn in Word Search Answer these questions in complete sentences in folders (1 st 10 min.s)  What are 4 reasons soc.’s often prefer using existing data?  What are 2 or 3 good things that participant observation does?  What is participant observation in terms of its research? Read Interplay of theory/method pg.51-52

44. Interplay of theory/method Sociologists must know how to turn facts into meaning by building theory. This is done in two ways Inductive Logical Thought  Reasoning that transforms (builds) specific observations into general theory. Deductive Logical Thought:  Reasoning that transforms general ideas into specific hypothesis for testing. Just as different methods may be used in conduction, so might types of reasoning

45. 10 Steps of Sociological Investigation (follow along on pg.53) 1. What is your topic 1. Be curious, apply learned ideas 2. What have others learned 1. Do some research before you research 3. What are your questions? 1. Who, what, where, and why? 4. What will you need to carry out the research? 1. Time, money, resources? 5. Ethical Concerns? 1. Any harm or concerns to subjects? 6. What method will you use? 1. Consider all research strategies 7. How will you record the data? 1. Be alert for bias, record everything 8. What does the data say? 1. Look at it in terms of your initial questions 9. Conclusions? 1. Preparing a final report 10. How to share it 1. Share and look for feedback, but how?

46. Lesson Closing Anchor Activities  Complete Thinking it through on pg.54-55  Work on project proposal  Read sociology book