1. Chapter VI, Veto Player, George Tsebelis, 2002 Luca Vezzoli, EPS 2013

2.  Introduction  The result of referendum  Median voter preferences  Direct and mediated democracy: different outcome  Classification of Referendum  Referendum agenda power  Veto Player Refendum  Popular Initiatives  Popular Vetoes  Conclusion

3.  Referendum is a form of direct democracy.  Rousseau was one of the most important supporter of direct democracy:  «Sovereignty cannot be represented for the same reason that it cannot alieneted […] No act of theirs (the deputies) can be law, unless it has been ratified by the people in person; and without ratification nothing is law.»

4. The referendum can be introduces the preferences of the population in the policymaking process. The referendum can have different results: In single dimension the result is the preference of median voter In multiple dimension a median voter rarely exist.

5.  The winset of the SQ is between two circle (Y, d+2r) and (Y, d-2r)  If the number of voter increases, the radius of the yolk (r) decreases. This simplifies the problem of identification of the median voter and the winset of the SQ because the winset of the SQ is approximate by a circle of radius d.

6.  The result of the policymaking process in a direct democracy is different from the result in a rapresentative democracy.  The outcome in the parliament is Y but the outcome of the referendum is Y’.  Also the winsets of the SQ are different. W(SQ) for mediated democracy and W’(SQ) for direct democracy

7. Referendums create one addictional veto player: the people. This implies that: The change of the status quo becomes more difficult The final outcome of the referendum approximate the preferences of the median voter So the final outcome is located in the intersection of the parlamentary and the popular winsets.

8.  Required referendum: the document has to be ratified by the people.  VP referendum: an actor has decide to hold a referendum.  Popular Veto: the trigger actor may be the population at large or some minority in the parliament  Popular initiative: referendum is a proposal by some political groups the collected the required signatures

9. The referendum agenda is diveded in two parts “who ask the question” and “who trigger the referendum”.  If both part are controlled by only one player: player uses this power to eliminate the other veto players (VETO PLAYER REFERENDUM)  If agenda setting process is delegated through a competitive process: the preferences of the public will be better approximated

10. We condider two possible cases:  «Parliamentary» government: coalition between parties A, B and C  «Presidential» system: with any possible winning coalition among A,B,C,D and E is possible In each one we will consider two possible agenda setters: party A and E

11.  In parliamentary goverment: A’ is the unanimity core of the governament coalition A,B,C. In any case A obtains A’, with or without the referendum.  In presidential system: A chooces the coalition A, D E. This coalition is the only one can approve point in the circle (A, AA’). A’

12.  Parliamentary governament: E tryes to negotiate a different government. If the goverment doesn’t change E will trigger referendum and obtain E’  Presidential system: three possible coalition ABE ADE CDE. And E chooses ADE.

13.  The agenda setter power is delegate to the winner of a competitive process.  Different groups can become agenda setters in a referendum by winning the right to present their question to the electorate.  The whole legislative process is replaced by referendum

14.  Non-Veto Players will select a referendum if the government proposed result is not inside the winset of the median voter.  But the existing Veto Players can capturing the preferences of the median voter.

15.  Referendum alters the rules and the outcome of the legislative proces. Because it introduces an extra veto player.  The differences among referendum depend on who control the agenda.  Median voter preferences results will be better approximated in the following order: 1) Popular initiative 2) Popular veto 3) VP referundum or mandatory referendum