1. Comparative effects of Azolla pinnata (sp africana) and inorganic Ammonium sulphate on growth and yield of Basmati 370, under varied inorganic phosphate regimes in Mwea & Ahero Irrigation schemes Oyange A. W Dr. Kanya,. 1

2. Azolla as indicator of P levels in Paddy 2

3. Azolla indicative of Nutrient status 3

4. INTRODUCTION Azolla species is a leaf floating fern and forms symbiotic ass. with a Cyanobacterium (Anabaena azollae). The association with the cyanobacteria plays a very important role in rice production. For centuries, Azolla and its nitrogen-fixing partner Anabaena have been used as "green manure. Industrial revolution reduced the traditional use of Azolla as green manure due to Increase in supply of chemical fertilizers. In1970’s oil crisis had negative impact of inorganic fertilizers leading to intensified research on Azolla 4

5. INTRODUCTION In Mwea Irrigation scheme, Azolla pinnata is widespread, Invasion noticed in early 1990’s, source is unknown Coverage stands at 30-50% during the peak season The heavy bloom of Azolla is enhanced by perennial application of P fertilizers to levels equivalent to 45 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 The presence of Azolla is aggravated by;  land preparation practice(3 months early  maintenance of flooded paddies (BL survey, 2012) 5

6. INTRODUCTION Azolla incorporation (“Isahan” ) contributes nearly 45% of the soil N in MIS. Research: 1970s, confirmed the bio-fertilizer potential of Azolla ◦ AIRS reported same in 1980’s Azolla provides organic fertilizers, increases efficiency of nitrogen use, & reduces water pollution Azolla can increase rice ylds by 158% & no decline in pdtivity, no need of rotation. 6

7. INTRODUCTION The N requirement for Mwea is 60-80 kg ha -1 Current soil N levels are as high as eqv. to 35 kg N ha -1 Other benefits; low incidents of malaria in Mwea Potential of Azolla is high, can reduce reliance on inorganic fertilizers,(20% of the pdn cost) Most research data available related to experiments in Asian countries A two year field experiment on the comparative effects of Azolla and AS on rice Basmati 370 will be conducted at MIAD and AIRS. 7

8. Justification Azolla is widely spread( 30-50% at peak in MIS Cost of fertilisers high and on the increase (20% of pdn cost. Chemical fertilizers have effects on soil fertility, productivity and environmental degradation. Need for a complemented, sustainable agriculture, with low risk of environmental effect. Azolla-Anabaena system provides an alternative use of bio fertilisers. It is an option, wholly or complementarily as a fertilizer especially in MIS 8

9. General Objective Determine the bio-diversity and comparative effects of Azolla organic fertilizer source and SA, on growth & yield of Basmati 370. Specific objective Identify the bio-diversity of Azolla in Kenya Find the effects of Azolla “green manure” and SA on growth and yield of Basmati 370 Establish the effects of timing of incorporating Azolla biomass on growth and yield of Basmati 370 Determine the effects of P and K on growth of Azolla biomass & the rate of xn with time. 9

10. MATERIALS AND METHOD MIS & Ahero Within AEZ LM3 & LM4 (marginal cotton zone) Rainfall is bimodal 930mm/yr with 510mm during long season with 66% reliability. Temperature ave. 22 o C with min 17 & max of 28 o C Soils are vertisols, imperfectly drained Weather data to be taken and soil analysis done 10

11. Experimental procedure 2 experiments will be done; Basmati 370 to be grown at 30 x15cm, 2 N levels, 2 P levels and 3 timings of Azolla applications split plot design. N levels will be the main plot while P and timings of Azolla application will be the sub plots. K will be applied at standard rate of 50 kg ha -1 3 factor, 3 x 2 x 2 factorial exp in 3 reps N levels will be N 1 & N 2,(0 and 60 kg ha -1) P as P 1, P 2 (0 and 50 kg ha -1 P 2 O 5) Timing as T 0, T 1, and T 2 ( non, Basal, at veg 11

12. Treatments & treatment combinations 12 Where ; N 1 - 0kg N ha -1, N 2 -60kg N ha -1, P1- 0kg P 2 O 5, P2- 60kg P 2 O 5 T 1 - No appn, T 2 - basal, 60kg biomass, T 3 - 60g inoculation/plot N1P1N1P2N2P1N2P2 ToN 1 P 1- T o N 1 P 2- T o N 2 P 1- T o N 2 P 2- T o T1N 1 P 1- T 1 N 1 P 2- T 1 N 2 P 1- T 1 N 2 P 2- T 1 T2N 1 P 1- T 2 N 1 P 2- T 2 N 2 P 1- T 2 N 2 P 2- T 2

13. Plot Layout R1 R2 F3 13 Split plot design; N- Main plots and P & T sub plots, all randomized in 3 replications B1B2 B3 N 2 P 1- T 2 N 2 P 2- T o N 1 P 2- T o N 1 P 2- T 1 N 2 P 2- T 2 N 2 P 1- T 2 N 2 P 2- T 1 N 2 P 2- T 2 N 1 P 1- T 1 N 1 P 1- T 2 N 1 P 2- T 1 N 2 P 2- T o N2P1T1N2P1T1 N 2 P 1- T 0 N 1 P 1- T 1 N 1 P 1- T o N 2 P 1- T 0 N2P1T1N2P1T1 N 1 P 2- T 1 N 1 P 1- T 1 N 2 P 2- T o N 2 P 1- T 0 N 1 P 1- T 1 N 1 P 2- T o N 1 P 1- T o N 1 P 1- T 1 N 2 P 2- T 2 N 2 P 1- T 2 N 1 P 1- T 2 N 1 P 1- T 1 N 1 P 2- T o N 1 P 1- T 2 N 1 P 2- T 1 N2P1T1N2P1T1 N 1 P 1- T o N 1 P 2- T 1

14. Data collection Growth parameters  Plant Height (cm)  Chlorophyll content  Tillers m -2,  Dry weight Yield parameter  Panicle number m -2  Spikelet paniclem -1  % ripened grain  1000-grain wt(g)  Yield (tons ha -1) Growth observations taken at 21, 30, 45, 55 & 75 DAT 14

15. Experiment 2 (Pot) 10 g of Azolla biomass inoculated 8.4 x 10 -3 m 3 (30.5cm x11.5 cm) for 10 days ◦ Use Canal and tap water -W1 and W2. ◦ 4 P levels; P 1, P 2, P 3, P 4 ◦ 2 K levels- K 1 & K 2 2 factor, 4 x 2 factorial in split plot design, 3 reps P 1, P 2, P 3 and P 4- are 0, 50,75 and 100 kg ha -1 P 2 0 5, K 1 and K 2 are 0 and 50 kg ha -1 K 2 0. ◦ W 1 - Canal water & (W 2 ) Tap water The N, P, K, pH of W 1 and W 2 analysed 15

16. Design & Layout 16 B1B2B3 K 2 K 1 K 1 K 2 K 2 K 1 K2P1K2P1 K1P1K1P1 K1P4K1P4 K2P1K2P1 K2P2K2P2 K1P2K1P2 K1P1K1P1 K1P4K1P4 K1P3K1P3 K2P2K2P2 K2P4K2P4 K1P1K1P1 K2P2K2P2 K1P3K1P3 K1P2K1P2 K2P3K2P3 K2P3K2P3 K1P4K1P4 K2P4K2P4 K1P2K1P2 K1P1K1P1 K2P4K2P4 K2P1K2P1 K1P3K1P3 Azolla biomass will be measured on the 10 th day after inoculation N, P and K contents of the biomass analysed

17. Data Analysis Data was collected, summarized in excel & analyzed using SPSS & SAS. ANOVA at 5% sig. used to assess main & interactive effects Means for the treatments, separated using LSD Test. 17

18. Schedule of activities 18

19. Thank You 19

20. Budget 20 ActivityMan daysQuantity Unit cost Total cost Land preparation 1st trial 1st & 2nd 1Herbicide applicaton1 600 2Rotatavion 130003,000 3Weed/stubble removal8X 13002,400 4Paddling X210002,000 5Banding613001,800 6 Nursery & seed preparation 9,80019,600 Nursery preparation323001,800 7seed preparation11300 8Seed establishment2 300600 2,700 Inputs 10Seeds 10kgs1001,000 11Fertilizers 6,100 TSP 50kgs 3,800 SA 50kgs 2,400 KCL 50kgs 2,500 herbicides 4 lts18007,200 23,00046,000

21. 21 Agrnomic practices 12Transplanting813002,400 13Fertilizer application4X 33003,600 14weeding64x230014,400 15Bird scaring445dys30054,000 16Harvesting121x23007,200 17Threshing161x23007,200 18Grain counting161x23007,200 19Data collection45x230012,000 105,600211,200 20Farm assistant- labour2x 2800032,000 Equipment required 21 Bird net with metalic frame250x30m150000150,000300000 22Chlorophyl meter1 23 Electronic measuring scale1 45,000 241 meter ruler2 700 25Drying Oven1 26Leaf area meter1 27Hand tallies10 12,000 28Electronic grain counter1 150,000 29specific gravity meter1 6,500 30Moisture meter1 50,000 310.75m2 basins36 7,200 32Buckets4 600 33Bloating papers10packets 4,200

22. 22 276,200 Subsistence & TravellingNo of dysFare Subsist e 34 MIAD-Ahero-West Kano & Back25500500015,500 35MIAD-Baringo & Back2460050009,600 36MIAD - Bunyala & Back26000500011,000 37 MIAD- Msambweni & Back36500500021,500 38MIAD- TARDA & Back36600500021,600 39MIAD- HOLA & Back37000500022,000 40MIAD- Taveta & Back35000 20,000 41MIAD - Pekera & Back35500500021,500 142,700 Laboratory charges 1000 x 8 Samples 43 Sample identification, 1000x8 samples 8000 44 soil analysis, 100 x4 samples X 2 sites 8000 16000 Field Visit allowances for supervisors staff norateVisitstotal 45Tech staff3800020480000480,000 46Driver13000206000060,000 47Fuel 4000208000080,000 620,000 TOTAL COST 1,815,700