1. Publishing for Impact : What it means and how to calculate it Workshop Presented to the ANZAM Doctoral Consortium Sydney, December 1 st, 2014 Neal M. Ashkanasy, PhD Professor of Management UQ Business School, The University of Queensland Editor-in-Chief (2007-2014) Associate Editor (2011-2014) 1

2. About Your Presenter  Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Organizational Behavior (2007-2014)  Published by Wiley-Blackwell  First published in 1981  2013 2-year Impact Factor = 3.262  Top 5, Applied Psychology  Associate Editor, Academy of Management Review (2011-2014)  Published by the Academy of Management  2013 2-year Impact Factor = 7.817  #1 Journal in Management  Associate Editor, Emotion Review  Published by Sage on behalf of the International Society for Research on Emotions  2013 2-year Impact Factor = 2.903  First published 2009 ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 2  Book Series Editor, Research on Emotion in Organizations  Published by Emerald, JAI Press Imprint  First published in 2005  Editorial boards (selection)  Academy of Management Journal (1996-2007)  Journal of Applied Psychology  Academy of Management Learning & Education  Journal of Management  Personality & Individual Differences http://www.business.uq.edu.au/staff/details/neal-ashkanasy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Ashkanasy

3. Outline Citation Indices Publishing your work in the top- tier journals Concluding Comments ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 3

4. Citation Indexing ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 4 Developed in its modern form by Eugene Garfield of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) –Now published by Thomson Reuters Scientific The Web of Science (Thomson Reuter Scientific) –Sciences Citation Index (SCI) –Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) –Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) –Conference Proceeding Citation Index –Book Citation Index (New) –Select “All Databases” (broadest) Click the little blue down arrow next to “Web of Science Core Collection” to see the full menu.

5. Alternatives to WoS ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 5 SCOPUS –Elsevier –Broader then SSCI –New: SCOPUS “Journal Analyzer” Research Gate Academia Google Scholar –See http://www.harzing.comhttp://www.harzing.com –“Publish or Perish” –Calculates ‘h’ and ‘g’ citation indices Authors Journals –Quick and easy to use

6. H- and g-indices Citations per publication Hirsch’s “h-index” –h = no. publications with at least h citations –e.g., h = 6 if six publications have been cited 6 or more times Egghe’s “g-index” –g = no. publications whose combined citation count is at least g 2 (or average citations for the top g pubs ≥ g) –e.g., g = 6 if the average no of citations for the top 6 publications is at least 6. –Gives more weight to highly cited articles than h. ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 6

7. Meaning of Citations ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 7 Article is cited in WoS-Indexed journals –Citations in other journals and books do not count –But citations to non-WoS-Indexed journal articles, book chapters, and books are counted WoS is three databases! –(Source) “Search” –“Cited Reference Search” Click the blue down arrow next to “Basic Search” –“Secret” data based used to calculate IF’s.

8. Why are articles cited? Genuine contribution to the literature –Ideas cited more than data –Books cited more than journal articles (??!!) Handy references –Review articles (e.g., AMR, JoM) –Snapshots (e.g., J. J. Ray in the 1980’s) ‘Bad’ citations? Fashion –Harzing’s study of mis-citations Harzing, A. W. 2002. Are our referencing errors undermining our scholarship and credibility? The case of expatriate failure rates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23: 127-148. ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 8

9. Boosting Your Citations Publish in the top-tier journals Write quality articles that attract attention and interest Advertise Self-cite (!!??) Contact Thomson Reuters re. errors Make publications available in the public domain –See SHERPA RoMEO database –http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 9

10. Journal Impact Factor Calculated as N citations in year y to articles published in y-1 and y-2 divided by N “citable” articles published in y- 1 and y-”2. E.g. 2013 impact factor = Number of citations in 2013 to articles published in 2011 and 2012, divided by the number of “citable” articles published in 2011 and 2012. “Citable” articles = “Articles”, “Reviews”, and ( more recently) “Conference Proceedings”. E.g., AMR 2013 Impact Factor calculated as … –Total citations in 2013 to articles published in 2011 and 2012 = 469 Cites in 2013 to articles published in 2011 = 315; in 2012 = 154 –Total citable articles published in 2011 and 2012 = 60 Number of citable articles published in 2011 = 30; in 2012 = 30 –AMR’s 2013 Impact Factor = 469/60 = 7.817 ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 10

11. 5-Year Indices WoS recently introduced 5-year indices, more applicable to the social sciences where the review process is typically 18-30 months rather than 6-12 months typical in the sciences 5-Year Impact Factor –Same as 2-year, but calculated over 5 years Article Influence Score –Takes account of the quality of the citing journals ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 11

12. 2013 Management Journals Ranked by 5-Year Impact Factor ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 12 RankTitleNo. cites2-Year IF5-Year IF Immediac y Half-lifeEigenInfluence 1ACAD MANAG ANN7787.33310.1540.6154.40.007136.56 2ACAD MANAGE REV177077.8179.6981.41429>10.00.014415.317 3ACAD MANAGE J194264.9748.4430.54174>10.00.025335.239 4MIS QUART87055.4058.1571.10358>10.00.010392.785 5J MANAGE91106.8628.0270.65770>10.00.017984.134 6J OPER MANAG55964.4787.7180.525408.30.006972.062 7ADMIN SCI QUART118972.3947.0570.47117>10.00.007845.386 8J APPL PSYCHOL224404.3676.9520.47170>10.00.028533.538 9STRATEGIC MANAGE J172252.9935.9290.41986>10.00.01883.087 10PERS PSYCHOL45604.545.8450.46428>10.00.007463.459 11ORGAN RES METHODS27273.5255.7130.308267.90.008252.954 12J INT BUS STUD66763.5945.5340.87469.80.011361.991 13ORGAN SCI104993.8075.5120.31994>10.00.023033.595 14J MANAGE STUD54733.2775.1960.824518.60.011742.294 15J SUPPLY CHAIN MANAG10723.7174.9460.621295.80.0021.078 16J INF TECHNOL12823.7894.9170.476216.40.003761.872 17RES ORGAN BEHAV22361.254.8707>10.00.002723.538 18J ORGAN BEHAV59993.2624.7340.55169>10.00.010032.126 19INT J MANAG REV10662.6734.4680.52256.10.0031.615 20LONG RANGE PLANN15882.1114.3650.59122>10.00.002911.382

13. ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 13 Publishing in the top-tier journals Acceptance rates typically less than 10% –AMJ: 80 acceptance out of 1200 submissions –JOB: 50 acceptances out of 800 submissions Reviewers have zero tolerance for flaws –And action editors too! Articles must be impeccably presented –Fully copyedited –Follow journal style guidelines TO THE LETTER –English writing must be high quality Content must be highest quality –Significance of contribution must be clearly established at an international level –Must be logically sound –Empirical papers must be methodologically very strong

14. ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 14 Publishing in the ‘A/B’ Journals Acceptance rates 10% - 20% –JMO: 50 acceptances out of 250 submissions Reviewers have little tolerance for flaws –But action editors sometimes have to be patient Articles must still be impeccably presented –Fully copyedited –Follow journal style guidelines TO THE LETTER –It helps if English writing is good quality Content must be high quality –Significance of contribution should be clear –Should be logically sound –Empirical papers should be methodologically strong

15. ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 15 Tips for publishing in Journals Appropriate training –Mentors must have a record of publishing at this level, otherwise … Attend workshops –At major international conferences –Doctoral consortia –Visiting scholars Workshop drafts –Present at major international conferences –Circulate to qualified scholars for (honest) feedback Be persistent –Try, try, and try again –Generally fast (<90 day) turnaround

16. How not to get published at this level Don’t do you homework –Journal mission –Editorial guidelines Don’t bother with copyediting Submit a ‘virgin’ paper Fail to make your contribution clear Miss important bits of the literature Have obvious methodological flaws –Small sample –Simplistic design (common methods bias) –Flawed measures (low reliability alpha) ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 16

17. Empirical Articles Qual vs. quant –Quant: Theory-based deductive research –Qual: Interpretive/inductive theory-building –Mixed methods? Method must be impeccable Innovation may be an asset –Quant: Method must flow from theory –Qual: Method must flow into theory Contribution must be clear regardless of methodological approach Writing must be impeccable ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 17

18. “Publishing today is more difficult than ever” Ashkanasy, N. M. 2010. Publishing today is more difficult than ever. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31: 1-3. Low acceptance rates = Type II Error rate rises Peters and Ceci (1982) –“ Peer-review practices of psychology journals: The fate of published articles, submitted again” JOB no longer accepts studies based on single- administration self-report survey data Contribution –So what? –Uh huh! ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 18

19. Theory/Review Articles Substantial contribution must be established at the outset Contribution must be demonstrably an advance on knowledge Theory must be clearly set out, logical, and intuitively sensible Critical argument is essential Clear delineation of boundaries Writing and logic must be impeccable ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 19

20. Some additional tips Read past issues of the journ al –Amazingly as an editor and reviewer, it is obvious that many authors have not read the journal Read the follow the editorial instructions to “T” –Again, it’s amazing how many authors fail to follow the guidelines. Reviewers know that authors who fail to follow the guidelines are likely to be sloppy in other areas. Read the journal’s statement of scope (or mission) Never resubmit an unchanged article to another journal following rejection Don’t be afraid to contact the editor if in doubt –Include a covering letter only if necessary. Try to meet the editor when the opportunity arises ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 20

21. ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 21 Closing Comments Citations count more than ever as an index of impact Already the primary criterion in the sciences –Now a criterion in the social sciences –Later (but inevitably) to the organization sciences What is the meaning of a CV full of articles that are never cited in the mainstream literature? Academic careers are made or broken on publications (“Publish or Perish”)

22. ANZAM Doctoral Consortium, Sydney December, 2014 22 Thank You! n.ashkanasy@uq.edu.au