1. Dr. Danyel Reiche Environmental Policy Research Centre (FFU), FU Berlin Renewable Energies in the European Union International Conference on Energy Education Santiago de Compostela, 30.6.2005

2. Production of electricity from renewable sources in 2002. Share in gross production of electricity (source: European Commission) CountryHydro*WindBiomassGeothermalTotal Austria65.40.32.60.068.3 Belgium0.40.11.90.02.3 Denmark0.113.16.60.019.8 Finland12.40.111.20.023.7 France12.80.10.70.013.6 Germany4.02.71.30.08.1 Greece4.91.10.0 6.1 Ireland3.61.50.30.05.5 Italy12.10.40.71.414.7 Luxembourg1.80.41.00.03.2 Netherlands0.10.82.70.03.6 Portugal16.40.83.60.221.0 Spain9.33.51.80.014.6 Sweden44.00.42.60.047.0 United Kingdom1.20.31.30.02.9 EU-25 9.91.2 1.60.2 12.9 * Does not include pumped storage.

3. Production of electricity from renewable sources in 2001. Share in gross production of electricity (source: European Commission) CountryRES electricity production Bulgaria Cyprus0 Czech Republic3.6 Estonia0.1 Hungary0.5 Latvia66.3 Lithuania0.8 Malta0.2 Poland1.9 Romania28 Slovenia27.9 Slovakia18.5 Turkey20.8

4. Factors which influence renewable energy development Cognitive environment Technology Politics Economic environment Geography/ starting position in energy policy  amount of rainfall  sunshine intensity  wind speed  (non-)availability of fossil resources

5. Coal exploitation in the enlarged European Union, 2001 (in Mio t SKE) CountryHard coalLignite Austria-0.5 Finland-1.9 France1.80.2 Germany28.552.5 Greece-12.5 Ireland-0.6 Spain9.42.0 United Kingdom27.2- EU-1566.970.2 Bulgaria-7.7 Czech Republic11.020.7 Hungary0.14.0 Estonia-3.0 Poland 82.0 15.0 Romania2.56.9 Slovakia0.80.9 Slovenia -0.8 Accession States96.459.0

6. Factors which influence renewable energy development Geography/ starting position in energy policy Economic environment Technology Cognitive environment  level of oil and gas prices  subsidies for fossil and uranium based energies  internalisation of external costs Politics

7. Factors which influence renewable energy development Geography/ starting position in energy policy Economic environment Technology Cognitive environment Politics  (non-)availability of nuclear power or government decisions to phase it out  targets and definitions  administrative responsibility  green parties in power  permit procedures  international obligations and programs (EU-Directive, ALTENER, Kyoto)

8. Factors which influence renewable energy development Geography/ starting position in energy policy Economic environment Technology Cognitive environment Politics  (non-)availability of nuclear power or government decisions to phase it out  targets and definitions  administrative responsibility  green parties in power  permit procedures  international obligations and programs (EU-Directive, ALTENER, Kyoto)

10. Factors which influence renewable energy development Geography/ starting position in energy policy Economic environment Technology Cognitive environment Politics  ffavourable regulation (feed- in tariffs, quota obligations, tenders, exemptions of energy taxes for RES, etc.)  (non-)availability of nuclear power or government decisions to phase it out  targets and definitions  administrative responsibility  green parties in power  permit procedures  international obligations and programs (EU-Directive, ALTENER, Kyoto)

11. Definition of feed-in tariffs and quota obligation Feed-in tariffs: Two basic features: Purchase obligation & guaranteed premium prices for RES electricity. Quota systems: Fixing of a certain amount or share of RES power to be reached in a given time period  Mostly in combination with TGCs

12. Success Conditions for Instruments Promoting Renewable Energies Technolo- gy specific payment Location dependent payment Long-term security for investments Compatibility with law and competition Adminis- trative handability Acceptance

13. Factors which influence renewable energy development Geography/ starting position in energy policy Economic environment Technology Cognitive environment  technological development of RES  grid capacity Politics

14. Factors which influence renewable energy development Geography/ starting position in energy policy Economic environment Technology Cognitive environment  public awareness  compatibility with the dominant belief in the efficiency of large scale units Politics

15. Résumé Differences in RES-use cannot only be explained with the natural conditions. Natural Conditions are an important, but not sufficient explanation for success or failure in RES policy. Single Factors are often overvalued. Success or failure in RES policy can only be explained in combination of all the presented factors. Most successfull countries in RES use Feed-in Tariffs. But there is no natural superiority of any instrument, success depends on the specific construction of the tool

16. Sources Danyel Reiche (ed.) „Handbook of Renewable Energies in the European Union – Case Studies of all Member States, Frankfurt Am Main 2002 (Second edition comes out in some weeks) Danyel Reiche (ed.) „Handbook of Renewable Energies in the European Union II – Case Studies of all Accession States, Frankfurt Am Main 2003.