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E. Gus Cothran Dept. Veterinary Integrated Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science Texas A&M University.

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Presentation on theme: "E. Gus Cothran Dept. Veterinary Integrated Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science Texas A&M University."— Presentation transcript:

1 E. Gus Cothran Dept. Veterinary Integrated Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science Texas A&M University

2 Testing began in early 1990s. Usually at the request of an individual from a specific HMA or a private individual. Used blood group and biochemical polymorphisms. This required taking two blood samples from every horse. Information supplied by the BLM ranged from none to herd management plans. Usually just a form like the following.

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4 17 loci were routinely tested. Sample sizes varied but were usually between 25 to 75 animals. Standard measures of genetic variability were calculated for each herd. The values were compared to those of domestic horse breeds and to other feral herds.

5 NHoHeFisAeTNV 15 Mile Herd 2000 290.4310.416-0.0372.12833 15 Mile Herd 1991 470.3790.365-0.0381.84734 White Mountain 400.3400.368 0.0772.24937 McCullough Peaks 410.4050.431 0.0602.20534 Green Mountain 400.3800.339-0.1201.88327 Muskrat Basin 380.3740.352-0.0611.87630 Thoroughbred2650.2940.288-0.0191.78034 Arabian1170.3070.327 0.0611.84638 Andalusian1400.3480.362 0.0391.99344 Shetland Pony 500.3680.407 0.0952.21038 Welsh Pony 420.3880.387-0.0022.12747 American Saddlebred2590.4040.409 0.0132.35454 Peruvian Paso1410.4510.445-0.0142.50646 Belgian Draft 820.4270.415-0.0282.27935 Feral Horse Mean 540.3600.351-0.0351.91330.0 Standard Deviation 0.0510.053 0.1180.2466.72 Domestic Horse Mean1180.3710.365-0.0142.07636.4 Standard Deviation 0.0490.043 0.0650.2407.37 Genetic variability measures.

6 Genetic similarity and distance measures also are calculated. These are compared to the major domestic breed groups. Depending upon the State comparisons to other herds from the area or State may be done. Dendrograms are given showing similarity to domestic breeds or other feral herds from the state.

7 Mean SStdMinimumMaximum Light Racing and Riding Breeds0.7920.0240.7440.822 Oriental and Arabian Breeds0.8000.0230.7650.844 Old World Iberian Breeds0.7970.0240.7750.816 New World Iberian Breeds0.8050.0230.7540.833 North American Gaited Breeds0.8080.0230.7710.835 Heavy Draft Breeds0.8130.0210.7510.867 True Pony Breeds0.7850.0250.7430.845 Rogers’ genetic similarity of the McCullough Peaks feral horse herd to major groups of domestic horses.

8 +--MORGAN HORSE +----| | | +----STANDARDBRED PACER | +------| - +--| +------STANDARDBRED TROTTER | | | | +----AMERICAN SADDLEBRED | | +---| | +--| +-------ROCKY MOUNTAIN HORSE | | | +-------TENNESSEE WALKER | +--| +--QUARTER HORSE | | | | | +--| +----HANOVARIAN | | | | | | | | | | +--------TRAKEHNER | | | +--| +--| | | | | | | +-----------HOLSTEIN | | | | | +--| | | | +--| | +-----THOROUGHBRED | +--| | +--| | | | +----WIELKOPOLSKI +--| | | | | | +-------SELLA FRANCAIS | | | | | | +-----KHUZESTAN ARABIAN | | | +--| | | | | | +ARABIAN | | +---| +--| | | | +---------SHAGYA ARABIAN --| | | | | +----------KURD | | | | +---------------AKHAL TEKE | +--| | | +-----------CASPIAN PONY | +--| | +-----TURKOMAN | +---------MCCULLOUGH PEAKS

9 SIMILARITY.76.80.84.88.92.96 1.00 ----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+ +-------------------------- Stewart Creek +-----| | +-------------------------- Eagles Nest +----| | | +----------------------- Cooper Creek +-| +--------| | | +----------------------- Green Mountain +--------| | | | +------------------------------------- White Mountain +--| | | | +--------------------------------------- Happy Creek Springs +-| | | | +------------------------------------------------ 15 Mile Herd +-| | | | +--------------------------------------------------- Cedar Ridge Trap | | +| +----------------------------------------------------- Tilley Creek || || +-------------------------- McCullough Peaks || +-| +|+--------------------------| +-------------------------- Whistle Creek || | || +---------------------------- Dry Creek || |+-------------------------------------------------------- Cold Springs Trap | +--------------------------------------------------------- Muskrat Basin ----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+.76.80.84.88.92.96 1.00

10 All genetic testing is now done by DNA microsatellite loci. DNA testing allows the use of pulled mane or tail hairs as samples. DNA results are analyzed in essentially the same way as blood protein data.

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14 DNA loci give somewhat higher variability measures so are not directly comparable to protein loci. Rank levels of variation are similar. Allelic measures of diversity are more important for mSat loci. Overall DNA gives data that is as useful for population genetic analysis as blood typing.

15 Over 100 population analyses were made using blood protein loci. Some herds were tested more than one time. DNA testing was done on some herds analyzed using blood proteins during transitional period for lab. Have DNA data for ~180 herds, again, some tested more than once.

16 Burro testing is very similar to that for horses. The same mSat loci are used although not all work for burros. Only have four domestic breeds to compare to. Most burro herds show very low variability.

17 PopulationHoHeFisAeTNVAr Butte Valley.422.496.1482.36931.22 Panamints.446.465.0412.38028.27 Salin Valley.479.518.0742.50434.23 Poitou Donkey.533.515-.0362.5014237 Mammouth Jack.5850602.0282.60235.37 Miniature Donkey.562.623.0993.48357.40 Standard Donkey.539.565.0462.90040.6.30 Domestic Mean.5393565.0462.90040.6.30 Feral Mean.397.445.1042.19830.7.20 Genetic variation measures.

18 ********************************* Poitou * * *********************** Pannaments CA * **** **** * *********************** Butte Valley CA * * ***** * * * * *********************** Saline Valley CA * * * **** * **** * *************** Slate Range CA * * ********* ********* * *************** Centennial Ca * * * * * ****************************** Clark Mtn. CA * * * * *********** Picacho CA * * **************** * * * *********** Chocolate Mule CA * *********** *** * *********************** Sinbad UT * * **** * * *********************** Yuma 1 AZ * * * * ********************** Minniature * * ******** ***** * ***** ********************** Standard * * * * * * * ************ ***************************** Ossabaw GA * * * * * ********************************* Cibola/Trigo 1 AZ ****************************** * * * * ********************************* Mammoth Jack * * ************** * * ********************************* Sardinian ********** * * * * ***************************** Chemehuevi CA * * ********************** *** * ***************************** Park Moab CA * * * * * ******************************************************************************* Blue Wing NV ** * ** **************************************************************************************** Wikieup AZ ** ************************************************************************************************ Kingman AZ * * * * ********************************************************************************** Seven Tanks NV ** ********** ** ********************************************************************************** East Mohave CA **** * ************************************************************************************************* Ed's Camp Az *** * * * ************************************************************************************************* Yuma 2 AZ * * * *************************************************************************************************** Havasu AZ * ***************************************************************************************************** Cibola/Trigo 2 AZ

19 The majority of herds have moderate to high genetic variability. This is probably due to the mixed origins of the herds. About 18% of herds have variation levels that are low enough to be of concern. Most of these are just below that level. Only about 3% have exceptionally low variation.

20 Variation is usually correlated with population size. Sometimes variation is high is small populations but this is due to recent reductions. Most herds have not shown changes in variation levels between two or more sampling periods. This is probably due to not enough time having elapsed for a change to take place. No large changes in variation level have been seen in any BLM herd to this point.


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