2. God as Troublemaker

3.  Suppose that in a distant forest, lightning strikes a tree, causes a forest fire, and burns a fawn to death.  How can an all- powerful, all- knowing, and all- good being allow such unnecessary suffering?

4. 1. There is unnecessary evil in the world. 2. If there were an all-powerful, all-knowing, all-good being, there would be no unnecessary evil in the world. 3. Therefore, there is no all-powerful, all- knowing, all-good being.

5.  A theory that seeks to justify belief in God in the face of all the evil in the world is known as a theodicy.  Many different theodicies have been proposed over the years, and all seek to defend the claim that the evil in the world is necessary.

6.  According to the ontological defense, goodness cannot exist without evil, so it’s impossible for God to make a good world that didn’t contain evil.  Objection: This would be true if goodness were a type of evil, but it isn’t.  Just as redness can exist without other colors, goodness can exist without evil.

7.  According to the knowledge defense, evil must exist in order for us to know good.  Objections: ◦ It’s possible to know evil without experiencing it, for example, Adam and Eve. ◦ There is far more evil in the world than is necessary to give us a knowledge of it.

8.  The forbidden apple contained the knowledge of right and wrong. So before Adam and Eve ate the apple, they couldn’t have known it was wrong to eat the apple.  But if they didn’t know it was wrong, was it right to punish them?  Even if it was right to punish them, was it right to punish all of mankind throughout eternity for what they did?

9.  According to the free will defense, evil is necessary for free will.  Objections: ◦ It’s possible to have free will and not choose evil, e. g., God, Mary, Jesus. ◦ The evil caused by humans (moral evil) is only one sort of evil. There is also evil caused by nature (natural evil).

10.  One of the most poignant examples of natural evil is the tsunami (tidal wave) that occurred in the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004, killing more than 200,000 people.  Some see this as evidence of God’s wrath.  Would an all-good, all-knowing, all- powerful being allow 200,000 of his children to die in such a manner just to express his anger or teach people a lesson?

11.  Heaven is supposed to be a place where there is no sin and thus no evil.  But according to the free will defense, there cannot be free will without evil.  So can there be free will in heaven?

12.  According to the ideal-humanity defense, evil is necessary to improve the human race.  Objections: ◦ There is little evidence that humanity has improved. ◦ This conflicts with the principle that humans are infinitely valuable and thus should not be used as means to an end.

13.  According to the soul-building defense, evil is necessary to make us better people.  Objections: ◦ Suffering often does not necessarily improve one’s character. ◦ Forcing others to do something against their will, even if it will benefit them, is a violation of their rights. ◦ There is much more evil than necessary.

14.  According to the law of Karma, whatever evil we do in this life will come back to us in another life.  Hindus claim that Karma can explain natural evil—those who suffer evil at the hands of nature had it coming to them.  Is this a better solution to the problem of evil than those offered by Christians?

15.  According to the finite God defense, evil exists because God lacks one of the traditional properties associated with Him such as being all-powerful or all-good.  Objections: ◦ If God is not all-powerful, He cannot perform miracles. ◦ If God is not all-powerful, He may not be worthy of worship.

16.  American revolutionary patriot Thomas Paine claims that the Bible is so filled with cruel and vindictive acts, “it would be more consistent that we called it the word of a demon rather than the Word of God.”  Is Paine’s assessment a fair one?