1. SUSTAINABLE REFURBISHMENT, RETROFIT, ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN HOUSING The initiatives for the local development with a bottom – up approach massimo.bianchi@unibo.it massimo.bianchi@unibo.it IP2013sLIDESlECTUREmb10

2. Regione Emilia-Romagna StatoStato: Italia ZonaZona: Italia nord- orientaleItalia nord- orientale CapoluogoCapoluogo:Bologna SuperficieSuperficie:22.451,29 km²km² AbitantiAbitanti: 4.354.455 (30/04/ 2009) DensitàDensità:193,95 ab./km²km² ProvinceProvince: Bologna Ferrara Forlì-Cesena Modena Parma Piacenza Ravenna Reggio Emilia Rimini ComuniComuni: ElencoElenco dei 348 comuni Зона: Северная Италия Столица: Болонья Площадь: 22 123 км² Население: 4 101 324 чел. Плотность: 181 чел./км² Провинции: БолоньяБолонья, Феррара, Форли-Чезена, Модена, Парма, Пьяченца, Равенна, Реджо-Эмилия, РиминиФеррара Форли-Чезена МоденаПарма ПьяченцаРавенна Реджо-Эмилия Римини КоммуныКоммуны: 341 Глава: Васко ЭрраниВаско Эррани с 4.4.05 Официальный сайт

3. Macro SectorsGDP % on Regional GDP % on National GDP Agriculture, fishing and wood € 2.642,62,05%1,84% Industrial sector€ 30.834,023,94%18,30% Building€ 6.867,65,33%5,41% Commercial sector, hotels,restaurants, reparing, transport and communiucations € 24.444,818,98%20,54% Fiunancial brokerage, property and real estate companies € 30.830,423,94%24,17% Other services€ 18.915,314,69%18,97% TVA and Taxes€ 14.260,611,07%10,76% GDP€ 128.795,3

4. Ferrari Mod. CALIFORNIA Parma Bacon Two symbols of.ER Productions

5. The Return on Equity ( ROE ) Turnover Class FCERITA > 50 MillionEuro 9,89,38,3 10-50 ME 5,06,36,6 2-10 ME 6,13,07,0 < 2 ME 1,81,93,8

6. The Return on Equity ( ROE ) Macro Sector FCERITA  Agriculture 0,1%-1,2%-0,2%  Manufacturing 7,5%7,7%6,3%  Building 7,6%9,5%12,0%  Services 7,2%4,3%6,0%

7. Bottom up and Top Down Entrepreneurial Districts To understand the development model of ER and Italy based on Small and Medium Enterprises ( SMEs) we have to consider th two main process of entrepreneurial districts creation : The historical one that create ( as it happens mainly in the nothers regions of Italy ) entrepreneurial aggregation based on bottom up initiative in an integrated developemnt involving many dimension of local systems The intervention to establish industrial territorial concentrations funded on a top down process trigged by government support and facilities in a planned perspective ( mainly in south regions )

8. Models,strategies and organization attitude Concentration Complex Diffusion Undefined Aggregation in a pattern Strength Pole theory Rain system Structured interventions Development models Development strategies Organization attitude

9. What model to support local system growth in a top down perspective ? Pole theory Rain system Structured interventions Based on a concentration of intervention that would produce in surrounding areas an induced entrepreneurial initiative Deriving from micro or small credits distributed to many initiatives diffused in the territory Connected to Local Territorial Agreements among stakeholders and Territorial Areas on main initiatives to be undertaken within each own role

10. Results and lessons from Top Down Interventions Pole theory Rain system Structured interventions Industrial poles becomed as cathedrals in the desert without any induced development There was no control on the employment of resources distributed among a large amount of entrepreneurial activities There is a serious difficulty in individuating local stackeholders

11. EMILIA ROMAGNA The district economy of Emilia Romagna

12. E.R. Balance among sectors Turnover, employment and activity ratios. Agriculture 18 % Industry 32 % Commerce and services 35 % New economy business 15 %

13. + 80% of the employment is assured - 30 employees by enterprises with In Italy : + 75% of employment in enterprises with - 70 employees IN EMILIA ROMAGNA REGION

14. Bottom Up Development Modl in Mean features of Emilia Romagna economy High diversified social structure High diversified economic structure High networking activity

15. What’s the matter with italian S.M.E. and probably with the mediteranean way to the development ? Micro enterprise less than 10 employees Annual total turnover Eur 200.000 Assets value Eur 100.000 Small enterprise From 11 to 49 employees Annual turnover not exceeding 1.000.000 Eur Assets value ( Tangible ) 100.000 Eur Medium enterprise – 50-250 employees – Annual total turnover Eur – 10.000.000 Assets value Eur 5.000.000

16. Regardless of the measure, one result is striking and needs to be emphasized - not only are most enterprises in Europe small, but they also account for a significant amount of European work experience and economic activity.For example, in 2003 there were more than 19 million enterprises in Europe-19 (Table 3.1), providing a job for almost 140 million people. By contrast, there are only about 40 000 large enterprises in existence, which account for only 0.2 % of all enterprises. So, the vast majority of enterprises in Europe-19 (99.8 %) are SMEs. Within the group of SMEs, the vast majority (over 90 %) are micro enterprises, employing fewer than 10 persons.

17. U.S. Statistics 2003 N° firms establishments employees Annual payroll ( x 1000$ )

18. U.E. Policy support a strategy developed in cooperation with business associations and NGOs whose concrete application relies mostly on the local level, with local and regional authorities fully on board. The mission is to stimulate the interest of young people in entrepreneurship, to develop their entrepreneurial capacity, to increase the number of start-ups. Among the areas of action are primary and secondary education, university education and improving competence in businesses. Identified priorities include offering entrepreneurship education to all age groups, training for teachers, developing cooperation between schools, universities and enterprises. The U.E. Approach

19. The Added Value per Occupied Person

20. The organizational dimension is strictly connected to the problem of labour constraints.

21. Management versus S.M.E. Traditional theories S.M.E. are … Undercapitalized Hardly to change their work methods Oriented to local market New Theories S.M.E. are … Supported by family estate Strongly innovative and flexible Easy moving in globalization flows

22. Let’s have a look to the directory of a Small and Medium Enterprises Associations of Forlì (Italy ) *) MAF RODA ITALIA S.P.A. Via Consolare, 2952 - 47032 BERTINOROProduzione macchine per la lavorazione della frutta (18) *) MAGAZZINI DRUDI Via Guarnieri, 81 - 47023 CESENACommercio articoli casalinghi e idee regalo (8) *) MAR MOBILI ARR.TI RUBICONE SNCSede Legale: Via Verga, 2 - 47030 GATTEO Produzione mobili (22) *) MGM MONDO DEL VINO S.R.L. Sede Legale: Via Vassura, 19 - 47100 FORLI' Import/Export vino (5) *) MARTINI COSTRUZIONI NAUTICHE SRL Sede Legale: Via Tarcento, 130 - 47020 SAN GIORGIO DI CESENA Produzione di natanti da diporto in vetroresina (24) *) NALDONI VITTORIO Via Zignola, 2 - 47100 FORLI' Costruzione apparecchi riscaldamento a gas (17) *) RAMILLI GIOVANNI & C. S.N.C. Sede Legale: Via Emilia Ovest, 70 - 47039 SAVIGNANO SUL R. Costruzione, riparazione, installazione e noleggio impianti irrigazione (8) ( ) N° of employees at 31.12.2003

23. Basic territorial structures High diffusion of small business many of them individual Sturdy link of economic activities with the local culture supported by numerous cultural enterprises ( fairs, festivals, cultural heritage and events ) Support of local municipalities in the development of territory and entrepreneurship University seats spreaded in the territory High interconnections with information and technological networks Settlements and industrial areas diffused in the territory with an especial attention to ecology

24. The Results : Emilia Romagna Industrial Clusters AUTOMATED MACHINES Packaging, General use machinery HEATH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH Biomedical and orthopedic equipment Medical research LOGISTICS Infrastructures Value-added Services MOTOR INDUSTRY Motorcycles and motobikes Automotive industry FASHION Leather and textile fashion production FOOD INDUSTRY Food processing EXISTING CLUSTERS EMERGING CLUSTERS Publishing industry Culture and entertainement MULTIMEDIA ELECTRONICS Electric and electronic equipment

25. Piacenza Machine tools Parma Food industry (eg Barilla) Modena Reggio Emilia Agricultural machinery Carpi Textile Mirandola Biomedical equipment and disposables Fusignano S.MauroPascoli Footwear Sassuolo Castellarano Ceramic tyles (world leaders) Forlì Furniture Rimini Woodworking machinery Bologna Packaging Motorcycles The Results : Emilia Romagna Industrial Clusters

26. Education and Research Network PIACENZA PARMA REGGIO EMILIA MODENA FORLI’ BOLOGNA FERRARA RAVENNA RIMINI Bologna University Modena University Parma University La Cattolica University Ferrara University CNR National Research Council (800 Researchers and Technicians) 5 UNIVERSITIES with 130,000 students, 1,369 full professors, 1,717 associated professors, 1,830 researchers (Bologna University: the oldest of Europe) ENEA National Body for New Technologies, Energy and Environment (400 Researchers) 6,500RESEARCHERS AND PROFESSORS

27. ARTIFICIO (R&D for Art and Culture) CENTRO CERAMICO (Ceramic tyles) CERMET (Quality ) ECIPAR Emilia Romagna GEMINI ICIE (Cooperatiive Institute for Innovation) QUASCO (Building ) QUASAP (Quality & Service for Public Tenders) SCS (Services for Innovation) SPINNER Technology Transfer and NTBF PIACENZA PARMA REGGIO EMILIA MODENA FORLI’ BOLOGNA FERRARA RAVENNA RIMINI API SERVIZI CITER (Textile) CONSOBIOMED (Biomedical) DEMOCENTER (Industrial automation) TECNOERA (Textiles and Garments) R&S Engineering (Wood processing) CRITTdi Spilamberto CONSORZIO FERRARA INNOVAZIONE FERRARA RICERCHE SOPRIP SSICA (Food processing) TETA (Food) PARMA TECNINOVA AS ( Integrated services for) enterprises CENTRO SERVIZI PMI Reggio Emilia Innovazione COIMEX CRPA (Dairy and meat products) LAB. D’IMPRESA (Injection moulding) LEGNO-LEGNO (Wood) CRR Consorzio Reggio Ricerche POLO CERAMICO Agency CENTURIA (Agro-industry and environment ) CERCAL (Footwear ) CRPV (Vegetables and fruit products) CISE for Innovation & Economic Devolpment Consorzio Mobile 2000 CSR Research&Studies Technological Transfer Centres Network

28. An historical Reference to Local Bottom - Up Development 12 th – 18 th Cent. The original Hanseatic League was a mercantile alliance of about 80 trading cities and their merchant guilds. The League founded and governed a trade cartel amongst cities along the coast of Northern Europe and inland trade routes from the 12th through the mid-17th century. Their reach extended along the Baltic Sea

29. A jump to XXI Cent. The case of European Big Waterways

30. ElementsRheinPoVolga Length (km) 1.3206503.660 Drainage Area (km2) 185.00074.0001.380.000 Discharge (m3/s) 2.2001.4708.500 Population50.000.00017.000.00061.000.000 Sea at Mouth NorthMediterraneanCaspian Ramsar Sites 1892

31. Governance and operative Management

32. Levels of Governance

33. A general survey on Governance Networking in European Big Waterways.

34. Different levels of performing structures

35. What About the Links with the territory ? Regions Provinces Municipalities Prefectures Chambers of Commerce Associations among local governments Public and private enterprises Associations of Employiers Citizen and customerAssociations Local Networks ………….

36. Networking What is this ?

37. The Differentiation of Network Links

38. Links Location around Waterways From linear approach to focal point action.

39. How to built a Network ? Top Down or Bottom Up ?

41. Clustering Versus Networking Approach CLUSTERING : From the top to the bottom ( Top Down Processes ) NETWORKING : From Bottom to the Top ( Bottom up Processes)

42. An Example of bottom up economy :the Focal Points on Volga River

43. Moving people and focal points

44. Micro business and bottom up economy

45. Poor but effective premises

46. New perspectives Bottom Up economy SME S Creation and improvement Involvement of Local Stakeholders