1. Module 20 Social Cognitive & Trait Theories

2. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY Definition –Says that personality development is shaped primarily by three forces: environmental conditions (learning) cognitive-personal factors behavior all interact to influence how we evaluate, interpret, organize, and apply information

3. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (CONT.) Interaction of three factors –Cognitive-personal factors cognitive factors Include our beliefs, expectations, values, intentions, and social roles personal factors include our emotional makeup and our biological and genetic influences –Behaviors include a variety of personal actions, such as the things we do and say

4. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (CONT.) Interaction of three factors –Environmental factors include our social, political, and cultural influences, as well as our particular learning experiences

5. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (CONT.) Bandura’s social cognitive theory –assumes that personality development, growth, and change are influenced by four distinctively human cognitive processes: –highly developed language ability –observational learning –purposeful behavior –self analysis –Bandura: much of human personality and behavior is shaped by our own thoughts and beliefs

6. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (CONT.) Four cognitive factors 1.Language ability powerful tool for processing and understanding information that influences personality development 2.Observational learning we observe parents, brothers, sisters, peers, friends, and teachers we learn a great deal

7. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (CONT.) Four cognitive factors 3.Purposeful behavior capacity to anticipate events, plan ahead, and set goals influences our personality development, growth, and change 4. Self-analysis internal process allows us to monitor our own thoughts and actions deciding to change our goals or values, we can significantly affect our personality development

8. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (CONT.) Locus of control –refers to our beliefs about how much control we have over situations or rewards –Internal locus of control believe that we have control over situations and rewards –External locus of control believe that we do not have control over situations and rewards and that events outside ourselves (fate) determine what happens

9. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (CONT.) Delay of gratification –refers to not taking an immediate but less desirable reward and instead waiting and using an object or completing a task that promises a better reward in the future Self-efficacy –refers to the confidence in your ability to organize and execute a given course of action to solve a problem or accomplish a task –use previous experiences –compare –listen –use feedback

10. TRAIT THEORY Definition –an approach for analyzing the structure of personality by measuring, identifying, and classifying similarities and differences in personality characteristics or traits –Trait relatively stable and enduring tendency to behave in a particular way Gordon Allport found 18,000 terms; out of these 4,500 were considered to fit definition of personality traits

11. TRAIT THEORY (CONT.) Raymond Cattell –took Allport’s list of 4,500 traits and used factor analysis to reduce the list to the most basic traits –factor analysis complicated statistical method that finds relationships among different or diverse items and allows them to be grouped together 35 basic traits Cattell called source traits describe all differences among personalities

12. TRAIT THEORY (CONT.) Finding traits: big five –Five factor model organizes personality traits and describes differences in personality using five categories openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism

13. TRAIT THEORY (CONT.)

14. GENETIC INFLUENCES ON TRAITS Behavioral genetics –study of how inherited or genetic factors influence and interact with psychological factors to shape our personality, intelligence, emotions, and motivation and also how we behave, adapt, and adjust to our environment Studying genetic influences –Heritability statistical measure that estimates how much of some cognitive, personality, or behavioral trait is influenced by genetic factors