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C hemistry The study of matter and the CHANGES it undergoes
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The Law of Conservation of Mass Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in any chemical process. The mass at the start of a chemical reaction must equal the mass at the end of the reaction.
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Synthesis Reactions zaka: Direct Combination Reaction zTwo substances combine to form one new, more complex substance
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Synthesis Reactions z Form: A + B AB z2Mg (s) + O 2 (g) 2MgO (s)
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Decomposition Reactions za.k.a. Analysis Reactions zone complex substance breaks down into two or more “simpler” substances zUsed to determine % composition of substances in laboratories.
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Decomposition Reactions zForm: AB A + B z2 NaHCO 3 (s) Na 2 O(s) + H 2 O(g) + 2 CO 2 (g)
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Combustion Reactions zO 2 (g) and an organic molecule of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen react zCO 2 (g) and H 2 O (g) are produced
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Combustion Reactions zForm: C x H y O z + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (g) zC 3 H 8 (g) + 5 O 2 (g) 3 CO 2 (g) + 4 H 2 O (g)
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Single Replacement Reactions: Cation Replacements zA metal element becomes a cation in solution and the cation that was in solution becomes a neutral element. zAlso known as Red-Ox reactions zReactions based upon Activity Series ranking of elements zThe ATOM must be more active than the ION for the reaction to occur.
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Single Replacement Reactions zForm: A + BXAX + B zCu(s) + 2AgNO 3 (aq) Cu(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + 2Ag(s) zAg(s) + Cu(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) NOTHING!
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Red-Ox Reactions Loss of Gain of ElectronsElectrons OxidationReduction LEO goes GER Li(s) + AuCl(aq) LiNO 3 (aq) + Aus) Li (s) Li +1 + 1 e - Lost 1 e - = oxidation Au +1 + 1 e - AuGained e - =reduction
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Double Displacement Reactions zThe cations of two aqueous ionic compounds switch with each other. zEither water, a gas or an insoluble product must be formed,otherwise there is no reaction. zIf water is produced, an acid has reacted with a base.
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Double Displacement Reactions zForm: AX + BY AY + BX zPb(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) PbI 2 (s) + 2KNO 3 (aq) zHCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) H 2 O (l) + NaCl (aq)
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Identify The TYPES of these Reactions z9 O 2 (g)+ C 6 H 12 (l) 6 CO 2 (g) + 6 H 2 O (l) z2 H 2 O (g) 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) z2 Na(s) + 2 HCl (aq) H 2 (g)+ 2 NaCl(aq) O 2 is a reactant, CO 2 and H 2 O are products… must be… One compound breaks up unto two less complex substances… must be… A metal reacts with an aqueous solution to produce… a new solution and an element Must be… combustion Decomposition (or analysis) Single displacement
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Five more to ID… z4) H 2 S (aq) + 2 KOH (aq) K 2 S (aq) + 2 H 2 O(l) z5) 3 H 2 (g) + N 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) z6) LiI (aq) + AgNO 3 (aq) LiNO 3 (aq)+ AgI (s) z7) Na (s) + AgNO 3 (aq) NaNO 3 (aq) + Ag(s) z8) H 2 CO 3 (aq) H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g) Double Replacement Synthesis Double Replacement Single Replacement Decomposition
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Octane (C 8 H 18 ) combusts in oxygen gas. C 8 H 18 (g) + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (g) Balance Carbons C 8 H 18 (g) + O 2 (g) 8 CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (g) Balance Hydrogens C 8 H 18 (g) + O 2 (g) 8 CO 2 (g) + 9H 2 O (g) Balance Oxygens C 8 H 18 (g) + 12.5 O 2 (g) 8 CO 2 (g) + 9 H 2 O (g) Double Everything 2 C 8 H 18 (g) + 25 O 2 (g) 16 CO 2 (g) + 18 H 2 O (g) CH O Reactants 818 2 Products 1 2 3 Reactants 818 2 Products 8 2 17 Reactants 818 2 Products 8 18 25 Reactants 818 25 Products 8 18 25
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zSolid sodium reacts with aqueous silver nitrate in a single replacement reaction. Na (s) + AgNO 3 (aq) Ag (s) + NaNO 3 (aq) Hey… it’s already balanced!
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Aqueous copper (II) chloride reacts with aqueous silver nitrate to produce solid silver chloride and aqueous copper (II) nitrate. CuCl 2 (aq) + AgNO 3 (aq) AgCl (s) + Cu(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) CuCl 2 (aq) + 2AgNO 3 (aq) 2AgCl (s) + Cu(NO 3 ) 2 (aq)
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