2. Animation

3. Computer Animation

4. What is the basis for all animations?

5. Persistence of Vision Refers to the length of time the retina (the "screen" at the back of our eyes which is sensitive to light) retains an image. If we see a light flash every tenth of a second or less, we perceive it as continuous. The impression of each flash of light remains, or persists, in the retina for at least one-tenth of a second. Because of this persistence, we can't tell where one flash ends and the next begins. Instead, we perceive a continuous light.

6. Flipbook Movies

7. Animation Timeline 1824 Peter Roget presented his paper 'The persistence of vision with regard to moving objects' to the British Royal Society.

8. The Thaumatrope Dr. John Ayrton Paris invented the Thaumatrope in 1825.

9. The Phenakistiscope Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau in 1832. Plateau was the first to recognize that the eye and brain required a resting time between images, and also realized that there existed an optimal number of frames per second to produce a moving image (he determined it was 16, which was the standard until the sound era).

10. The Zoetrope Invented in 1834 by William George Horner The animations were changeable. This was perhaps the most popular and longest lasting of all of these toys.This was perhaps the most popular and longest lasting of all of these toys.

11. Edward Muybridge and the Zoopraxiscope The resulting images recorded true stages of motion for the first time in 1877.

12. Animation toys would remain pretty much that until George Eastman invented celluloid film in 1884. Thomas Edison and his staff then developed the Kinetograph, a large, bulky camera, and the Kinetoscope, a "peep hole" type machine for viewing the filmstrips. These were successful entertainment, but could only be viewed by one person at a time.

13. The first motion pictures made in the Black Maria were deposited for copyright by W. K. L. Dickson at the Library of Congress in August 1893. The earliest copyrighted film that still survives is Edison Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze, January 7, 1894, also known as Fred Ott's Sneeze, which records Fred Ott, an Edison employee, sneezing comically for the camera. This motion picture was not submitted to the Copyright Office on celluloid film, but rather as a series of positive photographic prints. Fred Ott's Sneeze

14. A constant flow of new film subjects was needed to keep the new invention popular, so a motion picture production studio was built at West Orange in December 1892. It was dubbed the Black Maria on account of its resemblance to a police patrol wagon. The studio had a roof that could be opened to admit sunlight for illumination, and the building itself was mounted on a revolving pivot so that the structure could be constantly repositioned to keep it aligned with the sun Edison Motion Picture Production (1892-1895)

15. In 1895 the Lumière brothers invented the first practical portable cinema camera, and the golden age of animation toys was history. The cinema

16. Silent Movies 16 to 18 frames per second

17. Computer Animation and Video 30 frames per second

18. Time to build your own animation toy: The Zoetrope http://www.geocities.com/ptmcg/zoetrope/Zoetrope.html