1. A cumulative effects approach: developing a decision support for understanding a water and food nexus in the North Henry Penn Water & Environmental Research Center University of Alaska Fairbanks Philip Loring School of Environment and Sustainability University of Saskatchewan

3. Effluent Outflow Subsistence Activities Erosion Protection Wastewater System Aging system Fishing season population increase Workforce availability Increased maintenance EPA Standards Achievable? Funding availability Grant agencies Location of critical infrastructure Coast erosion Increasing storms Decreasing shore ice Health concerns

4. Cumulative Effects “The impact on the environment which results from the incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency or person undertakes such other actions (CEQ, 1997)” The CEQ framework emphasises three attributes: Temporal crowding Spatial crowding Synergistic effects Cumulative Effects FrameworksCapacityDecision SupportPolicy

5. ‘Single Stress’ Approach Methodology Identify the extent to which a community can respond to any given climate or social change, and; Evaluate a community as more or less vulnerable accordingly Outcome Does not account for the broad climate and social change interactions Fail to explicitly define the temporal dimension of existing and future environmental change Develops a negative community description Cumulative Effects Frameworks CapacityDecision SupportPolicy

6. An example

7. Who’s vulnerable and WHEN? Event did not occur during the height of the salmon fishing season Coordinated response by community workers Releasing untreated wastewater into a river full of highly valued salmon Long-term effects on the reputation of the fishery Cumulative Effects Frameworks SeasonalityDecision SupportPolicy

8. Seasonality Operationalises the cumulative effects approach Seasonal timescale Temporal crowding Multiple climatic and non-climatic stressors Cumulative EffectsFrameworks Seasonality Decision SupportPolicy

9. Decision Support Framework Wastewater Subsistence Winter weather events Community planning Funding activities Coast Erosion Cumulative EffectsFrameworksSeasonality Decision Support Policy

10. Community Capacity The calendar clearly demonstrates were time crowding is present Spatial crowding for regional consideration Adaptations and community planning can be targeted to reduce cumulative effects Timing of non-critical activities can be changed Fully engaged community planning Availability of useful nexus Policy makers need to provide flexibility to communities Cumulative EffectsFrameworksSeasonalityDecision Support Policy

11. Henry Penn hjpenn@alaska.edu Water & Environmental Research Center University of Alaska Fairbanks Philip Loring phil.loring@usask.ca School of Environment and Sustainability University of Saskatchewan Thank you