1. Transcription and Translation

2. Structure of RNA Similar to DNA 3 main differences
5 carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
3 main differences
Ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose
Single stranded rather than double stranded
Bases are Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
Disposable copy of DNA

3. Types of RNA mRNA tRNA rRNA The message of DNA to code for a gene
Used to bring amino acids together when creating proteins
rRNA
Forms ribosomes, along with proteins

5. Transcription Production of RNA from DNA Requires RNA polymerase
Function?
Started by helicase proteins
Promoters
Regions of DNA that allows RNA polymerase to bind to it
Signal points for the beginning of a gene

7. After Transcription
RNA produced requires editing before it is an active form
Introns: sequences of DNA found in eukaryotic genes
Must be removed from RNA before it can be used to produce proteins
Exons: segments of DNA that code for proteins
Stay in DNA
Both introns and exons are formed from DNA

9. Genetic Code
Amino acids are joined together in long chains to form proteins (polypeptides)
Each combination of amino acids means the proteins have different properties
Codon
Three nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid
mRNA is read 3 bases at a time, each 3 bases is one codon
UCGCACGGU  UCG-CAC-GGU  Serine – Histidine – Glycine

12. Translation Turning mRNA into a protein Requires ribosomes
Occurs in 3 steps
mRNA in cytoplasm attaches to a ribosome. mRNA moves through the ribosome, each codon is read and a tRNA brings the matching amino acid and attaches them together.
Peptide bond is formed between amino acids to hold protein together. At the same time, ribosome breaks the bond holding the amino acid to the tRNA then releases the tRNA.
Continues to grow until the ribosome reads a stop codon

14. Genes and Proteins Proteins control every physical characteristic
Genes control production of enzymes to produce skin pigment
Genes also control enzyme production that determines blood type

15. Activity
Write a one paragraph summary of the lecture notes.