1. Underground Stations Typical Station Site Plan

2. Underground Stations Ground Conditions: Key Issues

3. Design Criteria for Shoring System 1. Base Stability and Deformations 2. Stability Under Hydrostatic Uplift Pressures 3. Lateral Pressures for Wall Design 4.Lateral Pressures for Design of Bracing (Prelim Design) 5.Soil Structure Interaction Analysis (Final Design)

4. Base Stability

5. Hydrostatic Uplift

6. Important Sources of Ground Deformations 1.Installation of Soldier Piles 2.Construction of Diaphragm Walls/Soil- Cement Walls 3.Excavation (Including removal of struts) 4.Jet Grouting 5.Installation of Pile Foundations 6.Dewatering 7.Vibrations (Steel sheetpiles or foundation pile driving) 8.Extraction of Old Piles

7. Excavation Induced Deformations

8. Zone of Ground Movements :Impacts on Adjacent Structures

9. Mission Street The Embarcadero Northbound Southbound Howard Street Closed ConcreteDecking Excavation Adjacent to Building Muni Metro Turnback

10. Settlements of Buildings Caused by Excavations Muni Metro Turnback

11. Settlements Caused by Slurry Wall Construction

12. Mitigation of Impacts on Adjacent Structures

13. Islais Creek Contract E Deformations Caused by Jet Grouting and Excavation SPTC Walls

14. (a) Inclinometer No. E-87; Indiana Street Segment (b) Inclinometer No. N- 120; Overflow Structure Lateral Deformations Caused by Excavation and Removal of Struts

15. Risk Management and Cost Containment 1.Design shoring for deformation control 2.Complete shoring design to eliminate risk that contractors may underbid the shoring and then look for excuses to claim extra for changed conditions 3.Define subsurface conditions to a level that illustrates clearly the expected variability at the site. Comprehensive Geotechnical Investigation is essential

16. Risk Management and Cost Containment 4.Perform detailed evaluation of impacts on adjacent buildings and evaluate the need for strengthening or underpinning of existing structures 5.Develop preliminary plans to deal with potentially unexpected adverse impacts on adjacent structures; include a budget contingency

17. Risk Management and Cost Containment 6.Provide for a comprehensive monitoring program to evaluate potential impacts on adjacent structures. Keep the instrumentation and the monitoring under the control of the designer and VTA

18. Risk Management and Cost Containment 7.Use soil-cement walls to achieve economy and safety Higher production rates by a factor of 2 Lower cost per sq foot Incorporate soil-cement wall as part of permanent structure Better control of spoils Lower risk of accidental spill in the traffic lanes

19. Conceptual Design for Incorporating Temporary Soil-Cement Shoring Into Permanent Wall of Box Structure

20. Risk Management and Cost Containment 8.Minimize interfaces between designers and contractors Keep design of shoring under station contract Have one contractor responsible for all excavations and shoring

21. Risk Management and Cost Containment 9.Evaluate instrumentation results promptly to detect the onset of difficulties as early as possible, and take steps to minimize problems Avoid underpinning to the extent possible Have proactive plan to strengthen buildings that can not tolerate the expected settlement Avoid dewatering

22. Reasons for Including the Station Shells in Stations Contract 1.Minimizes interfaces between designers Additional and significant excavations are required for entrances. Need to have coordinated design to minimize impacts on adjacent buildings. i.e. Consideration of cumulative effects Provide single point of responsibility for design and performance – Avoid mistakes and duplication of effort Avoid division of responsibility for performance of the shoring after the excavation is completed 1

23. Reasons for Including the Station Shells in Stations Contract 1.Minimizes interfaces between designers (contd) Avoid having the tunnel designers to design the base slab of the station which is essential for pulling the tunneling machine through the station Coordinate shoring design with design of openings in the station shells for entrances (avoid having to restrut the excavation to accommodate the openings) 2

24. Reasons for Including the Station Shells in Stations Contract 2.Maintain Construction of all shoring under one contract Construct the shoring for the entrances and stations under a single contract for more efficient coordination – Avoid Division of Responsibility Have the same contractor who installs the shoring to be responsible for strut removal during construction of the box structure – Avoid Division of Responsibility 3

25. Reasons for Including the Station Shells in Stations Contract 3.Minimize the time that the excavation remains open after completion of excavation 4.Flexibility to construct the base slabs in advance of tunnel break through the station. 5.Minimizes overall risk 4

27. Stress History Profiles Market Street and Civic Plaza Stations

28. Empirical Charts Settlements Caused by Excavation Stiff Clays

29. Deformations Caused by Construction of Slurry Walls DEPTH IN METERS 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 SOIL SETTLEMENT (mm)

30. Lateral Deformation Caused by Slurry Wall Construction Muni Metro Turnback

31. Howard Street Excavations Muni Metro Turnback

32. Soil Strength Characteristics Market Street Station, San Jose

33. Comparison of Conventional “Stiff” System with New Shoring Concept Use of Jet Grouting for Control of Deformations

34. (b) Inclinometer No. N-76; Overflow Structure (a) Inclinometer No. E-155; Indiana Street Segment Lateral Deformations Caused by Jet Grouting

35. Risk Management and Cost Containment 10.Work under decking to maintain traffic flowing on Santa Clara Street 11.Construct soil-cement solidified zones behind the end walls of the box to facilitate tunnel breakthrough. Minimize interface with tunnel designer and tunneling contractor