1. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin International OB: Managing across Cultures Chapter Four

2. 4-2 Learning Objectives LO.1 Define the term culture, and explain how societal culture and organizational culture combine to influence on-the-job behavior. LO.2 Define ethnocentrism, and explain how to develop cultural intelligence. LO.3 Distinguish between high-context and low-context cultures, and identify and describe the nine cultural dimensions from Project GLOBE. LO.4 Distinguish between individualistic and collectivist cultures, and explain the difference between monochronic and polychronic cultures.

3. 4-3 Learning Objectives (cont.) LO.5 Specify the practical lesson from the Hofstede cross- cultural study, and explain what Project GLOBE researchers discovered about leadership. LO.6 Discuss the results and practical significance of the recent Bloom and Van Reenen study of national management styles. LO.7 Explain why US managers have a comparatively high failure rate on foreign assignments. LO.8 Summarize the research findings about North American women on foreign assignments. LO.9 Identify four stages of the foreign assignment cycle and the OB trouble spot associated with each stage.

4. 4-4 Societal Culture Is Complex and Multilayered Societal culture  a set of beliefs and values about what is desirable and undesirable in a community of people, and a set of formal or informal practices to support the values

5. 4-5 Cultural Influences on Organizational Behavior

6. 4-6 Ethnocentrism  belief that one’s native country, culture, language, and behavior are superior to all others.

7. 4-7 Cultural Paradoxes Require Cultural Intelligence Cultural intelligence  ability to interpret ambiguous cross-cultural situations correctly

8. 4-8 Contrasting High-Context and Low-Context Cultures

9. 4-9 Project GLOBE GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness)  attempt to develop an empirically based theory to describe, understand, and predict the impact of specific cultural variables on leadership and organizational processes and the effectiveness of these processes

10. 4-10 Countries Ranking Highest and Lowest on the GLOBE Cultural Dimensions

11. 4-11 Individualism versus Collectivism Individualistic culture  characterized as “I” and “me” cultures, give priority to individual freedom and choice Collectivist culture  oppositely called “we” and “us” cultures, rank shared goals higher than individual desires and goals

12. 4-12 Cultural Perceptions of Time Monochronic time  revealed in the ordered, precise, schedule- driven use of public time that typifies and even caricatures efficient Northern Europeans and North Americans

13. 4-13 Why Do US Expatriates Fail on Foreign Assignments? Expatriate  refers to anyone living and/or working outside their home country

14. 4-14 The Foreign Assignment Cycle

15. 4-15 Key Cross-Cultural Competencies