1. The Bloody Facts A Presentation All About Blood

2. Brief Composition of Blood What is blood made up of? What is blood made up of? Adult human has about 4–6 liters of blood. Adult human has about 4–6 liters of blood. Several types of cells floating in fluid called plasma. Several types of cells floating in fluid called plasma. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, oxygen- binding protein. Red blood cells transport oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, the body tissues. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, oxygen- binding protein. Red blood cells transport oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, the body tissues. The white blood cells fight infection. The white blood cells fight infection. The platelets help blood to clot. The platelets help blood to clot. The plasma contains salts and various kinds of proteins. The plasma contains salts and various kinds of proteins.

4. Blood Tissue Slide

5. Oxygen Transport

6. Four globin chains (two alpha chains and two beta chains) Each globin chain contains small, heme group. In center of each heme is an iron (Fe) atom. Black dots on two beta chains (green and yellow) show location of the HbS (sickle-cell) mutation.

7. Sickle Cell Anemia

8. Hemoglobin Mutants: Missense, Nonsense, and Frameshift

9. Blood Groups, Typing, Transfusions Experiments with blood transfusions carried out for hundreds of years and many patients died from blood poisoning. Experiments with blood transfusions carried out for hundreds of years and many patients died from blood poisoning. In 1901, Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups. In 1901, Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups. Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping was an immunological reaction occurring when the receiver has antibodies against the donor blood cells. Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping was an immunological reaction occurring when the receiver has antibodies against the donor blood cells. Landsteiner's work made it possible to determine blood types and paved the way for blood transfusions to be carried out safely. Landsteiner's work made it possible to determine blood types and paved the way for blood transfusions to be carried out safely. For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930. For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930. Landsteiner was involved in the discovery of both the AB0 and Rh blood groups. Landsteiner was involved in the discovery of both the AB0 and Rh blood groups.

10. Charles Drew born on June 3, 1904 in Washington, D.C. born on June 3, 1904 in Washington, D.C. He wrote a dissertation on "Banked Blood" in which he He wrote a dissertation on "Banked Blood" in which he described a technique he developed for the long-term described a technique he developed for the long-term preservation of blood plasma. preservation of blood plasma. Prior to his discovery, blood could not be stored for more than Prior to his discovery, blood could not be stored for more than two days because of the rapid breakdown of red blood cells. two days because of the rapid breakdown of red blood cells. Drew had discovered that by separating the plasma (the liquid part of blood) from the whole blood (in which the red blood cells exist) and then refrigerating them separately, they could be combined up to a week later for a blood transfusion. Drew had discovered that by separating the plasma (the liquid part of blood) from the whole blood (in which the red blood cells exist) and then refrigerating them separately, they could be combined up to a week later for a blood transfusion. He also discovered that while everyone has a certain type of blood (A, B, AB, or O) and thus are prevented from receiving a full blood transfusion from someone with different blood, everyone has the same type of plasma. He also discovered that while everyone has a certain type of blood (A, B, AB, or O) and thus are prevented from receiving a full blood transfusion from someone with different blood, everyone has the same type of plasma. Thus, in certain cases where a whole blood transfusion is not necessary, it was sufficient to give a plasma transfusion which could be administered to anyone, regardless of their blood type. (WOW!) Thus, in certain cases where a whole blood transfusion is not necessary, it was sufficient to give a plasma transfusion which could be administered to anyone, regardless of their blood type. (WOW!) http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_drew.html http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_drew.html http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_drew.html

11. Separation of Blood via Drew’s process

12. Drew became the first African-American to receive a Doctor of Medical Science degree from Columbia and was now gaining a reputation worldwide. Drew became the first African-American to receive a Doctor of Medical Science degree from Columbia and was now gaining a reputation worldwide. As World War II was breaking out in Europe, Drew was named the Supervisor of the Blood Transfusion Association for New York City and oversaw its efforts towards providing plasma to the British Blood Bank. As World War II was breaking out in Europe, Drew was named the Supervisor of the Blood Transfusion Association for New York City and oversaw its efforts towards providing plasma to the British Blood Bank. He was later named a project director for the American Red Cross but soon resigned his post after the United States War Department issued a directive that blood taken from White donors should be segregated from that of Black donors. He was later named a project director for the American Red Cross but soon resigned his post after the United States War Department issued a directive that blood taken from White donors should be segregated from that of Black donors. Charles Drew died on April 1, 1950 in Burlington NC when the automobile he was driving went out of control and turned over. Drew suffered extensive massive injuries but contrary to popular legend was not denied a blood transfusion by an all-White hospital - he indeed received a transfusion but was beyond the help of the experienced physicians attending to him. His family later wrote letters to those physicians thanking them for the care they provided. Charles Drew died on April 1, 1950 in Burlington NC when the automobile he was driving went out of control and turned over. Drew suffered extensive massive injuries but contrary to popular legend was not denied a blood transfusion by an all-White hospital - he indeed received a transfusion but was beyond the help of the experienced physicians attending to him. His family later wrote letters to those physicians thanking them for the care they provided. Over the years, Drew has been considered one of the most honored and respected figures in the medical field and his development of the blood plasma bank has given a second chance of live to millions. Over the years, Drew has been considered one of the most honored and respected figures in the medical field and his development of the blood plasma bank has given a second chance of live to millions. “We love you, Charles Drew!” “Charles Drew blood.”

13. What are Blood Types? Differences in human blood due to presence or absence of carbohydrate molecules called antigens and antibodies on the cell’s surface. Antigens located on surface of RBC and antibodies are in blood plasma. A and B are co-dominant. O blood is recessive to A and B. Positive Blood is dominant to Negative. Individuals have different types and combinations of these molecules which are inherited One allele from mother and one from the father Located on Chromosome 9

14. ABO blood groups AB0 blood grouping system According to the AB0 blood typing system there are four different kinds of blood types: A, B, AB or 0 (null). According to the AB0 blood typing system there are four different kinds of blood types: A, B, AB or 0 (null). Blood group A A antigens and anti-B antibodies Blood group B B antigens and anti-A antibodies Blood group AB Both A and B antigens, neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies Blood group 0 Neither A nor B antigens, both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

15. Rh Factor If people have the antigen they are called Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-. If people have the antigen they are called Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-. A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies). A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies). But a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger the production of Rh antibodies. But a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger the production of Rh antibodies. A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems. A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems. –85% of all people are Rh+ –15% of all people are Rh-

45. Blood Typing Take two drops of blood and treat them with antigen reagent. Take two drops of blood and treat them with antigen reagent. Put anti-A antibodies on one drop. Put anti-A antibodies on one drop. Put anti-B antibodies on the second drop. Put anti-B antibodies on the second drop. If first drop agglutinates, then the person has the A antigen and likely has A blood If first drop agglutinates, then the person has the A antigen and likely has A blood –If it does not then they could have B or O blood. If the second drop agglutinates, then the person has the B antigen also thus AB blood If the second drop agglutinates, then the person has the B antigen also thus AB blood –If it did not clot for A and only B then they have B blood. If neither drop agglutinates, they have no antigens and thus O blood. If neither drop agglutinates, they have no antigens and thus O blood.

46. Why is agglutination bad? What is happening when the blood clumps or agglutinates? Agglutinated red cells can clog blood vessels and stop the circulation of the blood to various parts of the body. The agglutinated red blood cells also crack and its contents leak out in the body. The red blood cells contain hemoglobin which becomes toxic when outside the cell. This can have fatal consequences for the patient.

47. Blood Transfusions Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom? Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom? People with blood group 0 are called "universal donors" and people with blood group AB are called "universal receivers." People with blood group 0 are called "universal donors" and people with blood group AB are called "universal receivers." The transfusion will work if a person who is going to receive blood has a blood group that doesn't have any antibodies against the donor blood's antigens. But if a person who is going to receive blood has antibodies matching the donor blood's antigens, the red blood cells in the donated blood will clump.

48. Who can give to whom?

49. Blood typing Game http://nobelprize.org/medicine/educational /landsteiner/index.html http://nobelprize.org/medicine/educational /landsteiner/index.html http://nobelprize.org/medicine/educational /landsteiner/index.html http://nobelprize.org/medicine/educational /landsteiner/index.html

50. Frequencies of Blood Types

51. Are all blood types equal? Some evidence that blood groups confer protection or susceptibility to a wide range of human diseases. Groups A and AB are more susceptible to smallpox. Some evidence that blood groups confer protection or susceptibility to a wide range of human diseases. Groups A and AB are more susceptible to smallpox. group A is associated with stomach cancer while group O has an increased likelihood of developing duodenal ulcers and more likely to be killed by the plague but resistant to flukes and worms. group A is associated with stomach cancer while group O has an increased likelihood of developing duodenal ulcers and more likely to be killed by the plague but resistant to flukes and worms. Blood group A more adapted to agrarian diet. Blood group A more adapted to agrarian diet. Blood group B more adapted to high altitude; greater fertility in women. Blood group B more adapted to high altitude; greater fertility in women.

52. Evolution? THE ABO STUDIES of the APES Chimpanzees - have the blood types A and minimal O, but never B. Gorillas - have the blood types B and minimal O, but never A. There is NO blood type AB in chimps or gorillas. Gorillas - have the blood types B and minimal O, but never A. There is NO blood type AB in chimps or gorillas. But man has both A and B AND blood type AB as well as very much O.

53. Blood Type Diet? Eat Right For Your Type by Peter D’Adamo, ND, - people with different blood types respond differently to specific foods. Eat Right For Your Type by Peter D’Adamo, ND, - people with different blood types respond differently to specific foods. Rooted in evolutionary theory – observation - different blood types emerged as environmental conditions and eating styles changed. Rooted in evolutionary theory – observation - different blood types emerged as environmental conditions and eating styles changed. Between 50,000 BC and 25,000 BC, all humans shared Blood Type O. (Skilled hunters who thrived on a meat-based diet). Between 50,000 BC and 25,000 BC, all humans shared Blood Type O. (Skilled hunters who thrived on a meat-based diet). Type A blood type emerged between 25,000 BC and 15,000 BC, an adaptation to more agrarian lifestyle. Climatic changes in Himalayan mountains led to appearance of Type B; the blending of Type A and Type B blood types in modern civilization resulted in appearance of the Type AB blood type. Type A blood type emerged between 25,000 BC and 15,000 BC, an adaptation to more agrarian lifestyle. Climatic changes in Himalayan mountains led to appearance of Type B; the blending of Type A and Type B blood types in modern civilization resulted in appearance of the Type AB blood type. Dr. D’Adamo believes that key to optimal health is to eat as our ancestors with the same blood type ate. D’Adamo recommends that people with Type O blood eat diet rich in meat and people with Type A blood follow a grain-based, low- fat, vegetarian diet. Dr. D’Adamo believes that key to optimal health is to eat as our ancestors with the same blood type ate. D’Adamo recommends that people with Type O blood eat diet rich in meat and people with Type A blood follow a grain-based, low- fat, vegetarian diet.

54. Bibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood http://health.howstuffworks.com/blood.htm http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/Blood.html http://www.biology.arizona.edu/Human_Bio/problem_sets/blood_types/Intro.html http://www.dadamo.com/ http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/ABO_system.htm http://www.hhmi.org/cgi-bin/askascientist/highlight.pl?kw =&file=answers%2Fimmunology%2Fans_034.html