1. Information: Collections & Communications In Academic Libraries

2. Issues Access ▫Formats (multiplicity)  E-books, e-journals, e-etc.  Digital libraries ▫Availability  Remote storage  Local browsability Preservation Scholarly communication ▫Rising costs of periodicals ▫Role of monographs vs. periodicals in meeting information needs ▫Open Access ▫Use patterns Interlibrary cooperation 2

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4. What is “Information” Information-as-a-process: the process of being informed Information-as-knowledge: That which is imparted when someone becomes informed. Being informed is a state of knowing something. Knowledge is based on belief. A change of knowledge is a change of belief. The information imparted in information-as-a-process is a change of knowledge—a change in belief 4

5. What is “Information” Information-as-thing: physical objects (e.g., data or documents). ▫How would we characterize collections, information literacy, or teaching/learning process within the three uses 5

6. 6 Information Life-cycle (traditional) Creation Production Retrieval, Access, Use Storage Preservation/ Archiving (of What? Planning Security

7. 7 Information Life-cycle (digital) Creation Production Retrieval, Access, Use Storage Preservation/ Archiving (of What?

8. Information Life Cycle Creation and dissemination of knowledge different in a digital environment Might bypass traditional publishing, dissemination, and announcement steps In some cases, information is nearly inseparable from the tools with which it is produced. 8

9. Patterns of Information-Gathering 9 Faculty Graduate Students Undergraduate Students Teaching Research Consulting Class Assignments Theses Teaching Other Class Assignments

10. Issues of Information Gathering Information overload- the digital information universe is expanding at a rate of six-fold per year. In 2007, for the first time data production exceeded storage ability (IDC white paper) College students- regardless of information need/purpose- rely on a small set of common resources. Little variation in frequency or order of use (PIL, 2009 report) Generally favor brevity, consensus, and currency in sources (PIL, 2009 report) 10

11. Issues of Preservation Digital formats offer new preservation challenges- shorter shelf life, dependence on ever-changing technology Preservation of content and/or preservation of format- the “feel” of the information 11

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16. Scholarly Communication “is the system through which research and other scholarly writings are created, evaluated for quality, disseminated to the scholarly community, and preserved for future use” “The system includes both formal means of communication, such as publication in peer-reviewed journals, and informal channels, such as electronic mailing lists.” ▫C&RL News (Sept. 2003), p. 526 16

17. Scholarly Communication Five core activities 1.Fund research and communication 2.Perform research and communicate the results 3.Publish scientific and scholarly works 4.Facilitate dissemination, retrieval, and preservation 5.Study publications and apply the knowledge  Economic implications of alternative publishing models. Jan 2009 available from Educause 17

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19. Scholarly Communications: Outlets Subscription or toll access publishing Open access Self-archiving/Institutional repositories Cost benefit analysis suggests that benefit of OA will outweigh costs, savings could pay for itself. 19

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22. Open Access It is “content that is available on the internet and that can be accessed, read, printed, copied, searched, downloaded, or forwarded free of charge.” Those who do the work should own the literature Who bears the costs?  CLIR Issues (Nov.-Dec. 2004), p. 1  See Serials Review 30(4) (2004), which is a special issue on open access 22

23. Johns Hopkins University Scholarly Communications Group http://openaccess.jhmi.edu/ Scholars and researchers both create and consume scholarly information; scholars and researchers add the true value to scholarly communication Scholarly communication has become an international, multi-billion dollar business Ongoing consolidation of the publishing industry is squeezing out competition 23

24. (Continued) Currently, 121 North American members of the Association of Research Libraries spend a total of $765M on journal subscriptions. During the period 1986-2006, the average journal subscription price increased by more than 10% annually. Over the past 15 years, the price of research journals increased more than 200%. Due to rising prices, libraries can offer access to increasingly smaller portions of published literature. 24

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26. SPARC A worldwide alliance of research institutions, libraries, and organizations that encourages competition in the scholarly communications market. SPARC introduces new solutions to scientific journal publishing, ▫http://www.arl.org/sparc/home/index.asp?page=0 26

27. SPARC’s Agenda Incubation of competitive alternatives to current high-priced commercial journal and digital aggregations. Implemented by publisher partnership programs and advisory services that promote competition for authors and buyers. Organic Letters (competitor to Tetrahedron Letters) ▫Published by American Chemical Society ▫Published over 14,000 pages of original research ▫In 2001 beat its competitor in impact factor 27

28. SPARC’s Agenda Public advocacy of fundamental changes in the system and the culture of scholarly communication. This encompasses outreach targeted to various stakeholder groups (e.g., librarians, faculty, and editorial boards), as well as ongoing communications and public relations activities that publicize key issues and initiatives. 28

29. Others DSpace ▫MIT’s digital repository to capture, distribute, and preserve the intellectual output of MIT. arXiv ▫Pre-print archive, esp. for publications of physics, math, and nonlinear science, etc. Offers:  Free access via the Internet;  Minimal editorial oversight; comments from other investigators, both supporting and opposing. 29

30. Others Public Library of Science (PLoS): nonprofit organization of scientists and physicians SHERPA: investigates issues in scholarly communication and publishing. Initiating development of openly accessible institutional digital repositories of research output in a number of research universities. 'e-print archives' will contain papers by researchers from the participating institutions. 30

31. DLIST Digital Library for Information Science and Technology, http://dlist.sir/arizona.eduhttp://dlist.sir/arizona.edu It is an Open Access Archive, “a cross- institutional, interdisciplinary repository for information sciences, including Library and Information Science. Its goal “is to create change among LIS faculty by encouraging self-deposit behaviors.” Should I deposit my “papers, presentations, articles, and add links on your personal or professional website to DLIST?” YES? NO? 31

32. DLIST Update Crashed. Exploring options and alternative “The resources and metadata are fully recovered, and we hope to put them back online in a new repository soon.” 12/3/09 32

33. Control over Scholarly Communication Publishers Peer Review Universities (e.g., control over where faculty can publish) 33

34. Collection Development Collection Planning Including providing for distance education Collection Implementation (including selection) What select (from universe of available information)—by subject (structure of literatures) For permanent collection Other How acquire Collection Evaluation 34

35. Collection Development Plan (context of institutional mission, information needs (scholarly communication),and continuous improvement) ▫Selection ▫Acquisition ▫Evaluation ▫Retention, preservation 35

36. (Continued) Collection development plan ▫Subject based ▫Interactive with academic programs and departments ▫Addresses scholarly communication  A complex area is “interdisciplinary research”  National Academy of Sciences (2004) says such research requires new policies and ideologies as disciplinary boundaries are dissolving 36

37. Collection Development Envision the circles as representing the print, digital, and “archived” environments. View the “common interaction” as a library developing its collection 37

38. Collection development is a decision-making process that determines specific materials that will be obtained in terms of subject content, format, and other criteria. A collection development policy is a plan that provides guidelines to the selectors as to the appropriateness of various types of materials for a particular collection. As such, it is a framework by which all the various departments in the library work toward common collection goals and standards 38

39. Finally “Libraries have always been valued for and measured by their collections.” [1] Is this true today as libraries develop more services and collections are not just those physically owned? ▫Now collaboration, consortia, etc. 1 Schmidt (2004, p. 360), from Library Collections, Acquisitions, & Technical Services 39

40. Ethics Code of ethics (ALA) ▫Examples: “We provide the highest level of service to all library users through appropriate and usefully organized resources; … equitable access; and accurate, unbiased and courteous responses to all requests” ▫“We uphold the principles of intellectual freedom and resist all efforts to censor library resources” 40

41. Diversification of collections—all (many different) perspectives Protecting confidentiality Misconduct (falsified research, plagiarism) represented in collections ▫Office of Research Integrity http://ori.hhs.gov/html/programs/instructresource.asp 41

42. Relevant Information Policies Information Policy: Statements, directives, laws, etc. that guide operations and set parameters involve multiple constituencies and stakeholders, with competing interests and expectations 42

43. Intellectual Property Rights Copyright Copyright is rooted in the Constitution: ▫Copyright assigns to the owner of a work control or exclusive rights to prohibit others from using that work in specific ways without permission and to profit from the sale or performance of the work for a fixed time period fundamental balancing of the interests ▫Based on a fundamental balancing of the interests of copyright owners and copyright users 43

44. Fair Use Copyright involves exclusive rights, which constitute a monopoly and include reproduction, distribution, adaptation, public performance, and public display. However, these rights are restricted to allow limited uses of the material, particularly of the use offers societal benefits. These exceptions or limitations collectively comprise “fair use” 44

45. Criteria for Determining Fair Use Purpose or character of use Nature of the work Amount of the material that is used Impact on the market 45

46. Works may be copyrighted when they are fixed in a tangible medium of expression. A test of copyright protection is the requirement that the work demonstrate a level of “originality,” something more than a “merely trivial variation” and more than the product of the “sweat of brow” 46

47. Public Domain Works not protected by copyright Materials that have reached the time limit of copyright protection Publications of the U.S. government 47

48. Impact of Digital Technologies They are changing information creation, distribution, use, and preservation They are redefining the “market,”ownership, and sales. Example, Napster and CD/DVD burners 48

49. Fundamental Questions How does copyright affect scholarly communication presented in book and journal article form? How does the fundamental interest of the library community coincide with other groups? How do we forge coalitions that will influence government policies? ▫For other questions, see James G. Neal, “Copyright Is Dead … Long Live Copyright,” American Libraries 33 (December 2002): 48-51 49

50. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Encouraging countries to work with the World Trade Organization to establish new rules covering international trade, including intellectual property ▫Application to databases (licensing agreements) ▫Impetus = digital communication and global economics ▫Some Other rules/players: General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs, European Union, and national governments. Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act added 20 years to copyright protection, thereby inhibiting material entering the public domain 50

51. Antagonists Content owners ▫Publishers ▫Artists/authors ▫Universities Society: Public ▫Libraries ▫Others 51

52. Overview of Policy Issues Peter Hernon, Harold C. Relyea, Robert E. Dugan, and Joan Cheverie, United States Government Information (Libraries Unlimited, 2002) ▫Chapter 12, “Intellectual Property” 52

53. Key Resources Center for Intellectual Property and Copyright in the Digital Environment, www.umuc.edu/odell/cip/cip.html www.umuc.edu/odell/cip/cip.html Electronic Freedom Foundation, www.eff.orgwww.eff.org Creative Commons, www.creativecommons.orgwww.creativecommons.org Conference on the Public Domain, www.law.duke.edu/pd/ www.law.duke.edu/pd/ Progress and Freedom Foundation, www.pff.orgwww.pff.org 53

54. Let’s Discuss Dillon, D. (2004, December 10). College libraries: The long goodbye. The Chronicle of Higher Education, B5. 54