1. Continuous Forest Inventory for the Northwest Region Bureau of Indian Affairs Arnie Browning, Forester NWRO BIA Portland, OR. (503) 231-6205

2. BIA Northwest Region

3. 2,664,000 acres timberland mostly on Category 1 reservations (over 1MMBF AAC, or 10,000 + acres) 2,664,000 acres timberland mostly on Category 1 reservations (over 1MMBF AAC, or 10,000 + acres) 385 MMBF Annual Allowable Cut 385 MMBF Annual Allowable Cut All Cat 1 reservations have Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) plots except Grand Ronde. Many have Stand Inventory also. All Cat 1 reservations have Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) plots except Grand Ronde. Many have Stand Inventory also.

4. History of CFI Late 1940s Calvin B. Stott, USFS introduced CFI to Lake States Late 1940s Calvin B. Stott, USFS introduced CFI to Lake States The original purpose of the CFI was to collect stocking, growth, removal, and mortality information indispensable to the establishment of broad management policies on large forest areas. (Stott, 1960) The original purpose of the CFI was to collect stocking, growth, removal, and mortality information indispensable to the establishment of broad management policies on large forest areas. (Stott, 1960)

5. East-side CFI Statistics

6. Steps in the CFI Process Pre-Inventory Pre-Inventory –Review previous CFI Field Manual –Revise Manual for the re-measurement –Write data entry and edit program Data collection and error checking Data collection and error checking Regression analysis, more data cleaning Regression analysis, more data cleaning Write CFI program (VB 6 and Fortran 90) Write CFI program (VB 6 and Fortran 90) Write User Manual and assist with program installation and operation Write User Manual and assist with program installation and operation Assist with inventory analysis, growth and yield modeling, harvest scheduling, AAC. Assist with inventory analysis, growth and yield modeling, harvest scheduling, AAC.

7. Each re- measurement starts by preparing a Field Handbook describing what data will be taken PRE- INVENTORY

8. Nez Perce CFI Plot Design

9. Changes in Sample Design 1950 -1980 1950 -1980 –Cluster of 2 or 3 one-fifth or one-quarter acre subplots, usually on one-mile grid –1/20 th acre minor plot for height and form class –1/100 th acre minor plot for seedlings/saplings –Plot data: timber type, habitat type, slope, aspect, etc –Tree data: spc, dbh, crown ratio, height, tree history, problem/severity, age or age class, etc –Re-measure every 10 years 1980 – present 1980 – present –re-measure only one plot per cluster (each subplot was always treated as an independent sample point) –Double the grid, usually ½ mile grid (more even-aged treatments, more stratification of the data) –Add snag data, fuel transect data, 3 tree problem/severity codes per tree (usually FVS codes), new height sample

10. Changes in Height Sample Before 1990 Before 1990 –Measure total height on all trees 5 inches dbh and larger on 1/20 th or 1/16 th acre minor plot After 1990 After 1990 –On 1/5 acre plot, measure total height on the first tree of each species in each 5 inch dbh class, and all trees 20 in. dbh and larger.

11. CFI Data Entry and Edit (CFIDEER) An ACCESS database is prepared with tables of Plot Records, Tree Records, Regen Records, sometimes Fuels Records An ACCESS database is prepared with tables of Plot Records, Tree Records, Regen Records, sometimes Fuels Records –Separate tables for each measurement A version of CFIDEER is made A version of CFIDEER is made – makes files to load into Allegro Field Data Recorders. – thorough error checking routines

12. DATA COLLECTION AND ERROR CHECKING Field crews are trained then begin re- measuring CFI plots Field crews are trained then begin re- measuring CFI plots Plot Location Cards, aerial photos are updated as needed Plot Location Cards, aerial photos are updated as needed Plot centers are recorded with GPS units Plot centers are recorded with GPS units Quality control on at least 10 % of plots Quality control on at least 10 % of plots Download handhelds each day Download handhelds each day

13. Regression Analysis After data is cleaned, NWRO develops height models by species. After data is cleaned, NWRO develops height models by species. Sometimes diameter growth and form class data are also regressed Sometimes diameter growth and form class data are also regressed Analysis is done with SigmaStat and Sigma Plot software Analysis is done with SigmaStat and Sigma Plot software

14. Changes in Height Model 1950 – 1987 1950 – 1987 – Ht = b 0 + b 1 DBH + b 2 (DBH) 2 – (2 nd or 3 rd degree polynomial) – poor fit outside range of data, must “cap” 1988 – 2002 1988 – 2002 – Ht = 4.5 + exp (b 0 + b 1 / (DBH+1)) – Wycoff et.al,1982 – Usually stratify height sample by productivity class 2002 – present 2002 – present – Ht = 4.5 + b 0 (exp (-b 1 (DBH) b 2 )) – Arney, 1985

15. Comparison of Ht Models – FVS Slightly over estimates at 5 – 10 inches dbh Slightly over estimates at 5 – 10 inches dbh Slight under estimates at large diameters Slight under estimates at large diameters Almost always a reasonable model Almost always a reasonable model

16. FPS Height Model Usually slightly improved fit through the entire range of DBH (when compared with FVS height model) Usually slightly improved fit through the entire range of DBH (when compared with FVS height model) Still getting experience with this model (only Warm Springs and Quinault) Still getting experience with this model (only Warm Springs and Quinault)

17. Plot the data and the model Our experience with FPS height model is limited; one unreasonable model so far. Our experience with FPS height model is limited; one unreasonable model so far. Thanks to error- trapping in Flewelling taper code, we discovered this problem Thanks to error- trapping in Flewelling taper code, we discovered this problem

18. Write CFI Program A Windows Program is written by NWRO A Windows Program is written by NWRO –Uses Visual Basic 6 for the User Interface –“Number crunching” done by a FORTRAN 90 dynamic link library (dll) –CFI.EXE contains many user options to sort the data, selects a variety of output tables, select merchantability standards, etc.

19. Alternatives for Volume and Taper Behre’s Hyperbola – Explained in 1983 Forest Mgt Inven. Handbook, App 1D Behre’s Hyperbola – Explained in 1983 Forest Mgt Inven. Handbook, App 1D Form Class = DIB17/DBH Form Class = DIB17/DBH Used in CFIs from 1950s to present Used in CFIs from 1950s to present Most DIB at 17 feet measured in 1970s to 1980s on CFI minor plots Most DIB at 17 feet measured in 1970s to 1980s on CFI minor plots

20. Form Class “The theory of form class volume tables is that for a given height, trees vary in taper in the first log, but above the first log, taper is quite similar for trees of the same size and merchantable height, regardless of species.” John Bell, 1988. “The theory of form class volume tables is that for a given height, trees vary in taper in the first log, but above the first log, taper is quite similar for trees of the same size and merchantable height, regardless of species.” John Bell, 1988. Most of the taper is in the first log. Most of the taper is in the first log.

21. Behre’s Hyperbola BHT = THT - 17.3 BHT = THT - 17.3 RHT = THT - upper stem ht RHT = THT - upper stem ht L = RHT / BHT L = RHT / BHT D = L / (0.49 * L + 0.51) D = L / (0.49 * L + 0.51) DIB = DIB17 * D DIB = DIB17 * D

22. BIA Board Foot Volume Regression formulas were developed by regressing the Factors published on page 38 of the Official Rules for the Log Scaling and Grading Bureaus,January 1, 1982 Regression formulas were developed by regressing the Factors published on page 38 of the Official Rules for the Log Scaling and Grading Bureaus,January 1, 1982 BDFT /Log = (a + b(DIB) + c(DIB) 2 ) x Length

23. Johnson’s Cubic Foot Volume Until 1995 only Johnson’s Cubic Foot formula was used to calculate volumes Until 1995 only Johnson’s Cubic Foot formula was used to calculate volumes CUFT calculated for a “Butt” and “Upper” segments of a tree with formulas using Form Class, DBH, and DIB. CUFT calculated for a “Butt” and “Upper” segments of a tree with formulas using Form Class, DBH, and DIB.

24. West-side Taper Coop Completed May 2, 1994 Completed May 2, 1994 For Douglas-Fir, Western Hemlock, and Western Redcedar For Douglas-Fir, Western Hemlock, and Western Redcedar Quinault Tribe, Washington DNR, Industrial Forest Owners, contributed felled tree data Quinault Tribe, Washington DNR, Industrial Forest Owners, contributed felled tree data Data modeled by James Flewelling, PhD copywrited. Data modeled by James Flewelling, PhD copywrited.

25. INGY Taper Coop Distributed to INGY Members Sep. 1996 Distributed to INGY Members Sep. 1996 Sectioned tree data collected for AF,DF,ES,GF,LP,MH,PP,RC,SF,WF,WH, WL,WP Sectioned tree data collected for AF,DF,ES,GF,LP,MH,PP,RC,SF,WF,WH, WL,WP INGY participants included Flathead, NezPerce, Spokane, and WS Tribes, Boise Cascade, Champion, Potlatch, DNR, USFS, BC Min of Forests INGY participants included Flathead, NezPerce, Spokane, and WS Tribes, Boise Cascade, Champion, Potlatch, DNR, USFS, BC Min of Forests Modeled, copywrited by James Flewelling Modeled, copywrited by James Flewelling

28. After processing each re- measurement a User Guide is made for each CFI Program

29. Uses of CFI data and programs Quantify changes and trends in the forest; stocking, growth, harvest, mortality Quantify changes and trends in the forest; stocking, growth, harvest, mortality Data used to calibrate growth and yield models (both FVS and FPS have used CFI data from reservation forests) Data used to calibrate growth and yield models (both FVS and FPS have used CFI data from reservation forests) Harvest Scheduling, Annual Allowable Cut Harvest Scheduling, Annual Allowable Cut Assess Forest Management Plans achievement of goals Assess Forest Management Plans achievement of goals Strategic Forest and Fire Management Planning Strategic Forest and Fire Management Planning

30. Boardfoot Stocking Trends Colville, Spokane, Warm Springs, and Yakama

31. Boardfoot Stocking Trends Flathead and Nez Perce

32. Harvest vs. Net Growth Colville, Warm Springs, Yakama

33. Harvest vs. Net Growth Flathead and Nez Perce

34. Mortality Coeur d’Alene, Colville, Warm Springs, Yakama

35. Mortality Flathead, Nez Perce, Spokane

36. Warm Springs Ponderosa Pine Stocking Trend 1972-1997

37. Warm Springs stocking trend, all species combined, 1972 – 1997

38. Warm Springs Harvest and Net Growth Trends 1972 - 1997

39. Changes in Annual Allowable Cut

40. Nez Perce 2003 CFI Tree locations were Taken by measuring Azimuth and distance to each tree Used laser range Finder and electronic Compass Added 45 minutes to Each plot

41. Nez Perce Plot 602 in 2003

42. Plt 602 SVS and ArcGIS comparison

43. WS – P. Pine, bitterbrush, fescue Middle Creek Logging Unit (before harvest) Middle Creek Logging Unit (before harvest) March 1979 March 1979

44. Warm Springs, Tenino HFR Project

46. WS Cache Creek Rehab, 1981

47. WS Snowbrush Rehab 9, 2005 Planted 1986

48. WS Camas Prairie Blowdown 1978

49. WS Camas Prairie blocks 4 - 8 1978 Blowdown, looking west, N. Pinhead Butte

50. Yakama Weaver Photos Pine Butterfly (1920) area Upper Satus Canyon

51. Yakama Weaver Photo Ponderosa Pine 84.5” DBH Douglas-fir 98” DBH

52. Yakama Pine type to Fir type

53. Yakama Spruce Budworm 1996-2000

54. Umatilla Mt Pine Beetle & Spruce Budworm

55. Flathead Unevenaged Stocking Plots

56. FLT Wilcox Plots 2500bf (25 sq.ft/ac.)

57. FLT Wilcox Plots 3500 bf (35 sq.ft./ac.)

58. Makah Started Second Growth Harvest 1980 WH, WRC, S. Spruce

59. Site quality changes with position on the slope (near Makah)

60. Coeur d’Alene, CFI Plot 39

61. CFI Plot 39, Plot Center Stake

62. CFI Plot 510, Kurt Mettler inspects tree tag