1. Phylum: Chordata Deuterostomes Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal gill slits
Muscular Postanal tail

2. Phylum: Chordata
Notochord: long flexible rod between gut and nerve cord
Present in all embryos
Fluid-filled cells in fibrous tissue
Length of animal, ‘skeleton’

3. Phylum: Chordata Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Ectoderm, rolls into tube
Becomes central nervous system
Inverts have ventral, solid cords

4. Phylum: Chordata Pharyngeal gill slits Muscular Post-anal tail
Filter feeders (?)
Modified for gas exchange
Muscular Post-anal tail
Skeletal and muscular; Propulsion
Digestive system extends length of non-chordates

5. Taxonomy Domain – Eukarya Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Chordata
Subphylum: Urochordata – ‘sea squirts’
Subphylum: Cephalochordata - lancelets
Subphylum: Vertebrata

6. Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Urochordata
Tunicates; Sea squirts
Marine, sessile
Larva are free swimming; (have all characteristics)
Adult
Larva

7. Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Cephalochordata
Lancelets
Bladelike
Marine
Burrow into sand
Filter feeders

8. Phylum: Chordata Subphylum - Vertebrata
Hagfishes - jawless marine fish
Cartilaginous skull and axial rod of cartilage derived from the notochord
Lack vertebrae

9. Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata
Notochord
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal gill slits
Post anal tail

10. Taxonomy Domain – Eukarya Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class Agnatha – Jawless fish
Class Chondrichthyes – cartilage fish
Class Osteithyes – bony fish
Class Amphibia – amphibians
Class Reptilia – reptiles
Class Aves – birds
Class Mammalia

11. Vertebrates
5 basic groups:
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

12. Fish Characteristics Aquatic; gills for respiration
Sexes separate; internal and external fertilization
Oviparous – lay eggs (Nemo)
Ovoviviparous – eggs remain in body until hatched (sea horses, some sharks)
Two chambered heart
Ectotherms (‘cold-blooded’) – body temperature matches environment
Most covered in scales

13. Fish
3 types:
Agnatha – jawless
Cartilaginous
Bony

14. Class: Agnatha Lamprey eels Scaleless Oviparous
Ectoparasites
Scaleless
Oviparous
Anadromous or freshwater
Edible – no bones

15. Class: Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish - harks, rays, skates
Jaws, teeth of bone; skeleton of cartilage
Flexible, fast, agile
Sexes separate; fertilization is internal
Almost all marine (bull shark, ray)
Covered in placoid scales (‘dental ridge’)
More efficient, quieter swimmers

16. Class: Chondrichthyes
Predators/scavengers
Excellent senses:
Smell
Lateral line system – changes in water pressure caused by vibrations in water
Electrosensors on nose

17. Class: Chondrichthyes
Rays, skates
Dorso-ventrally flattened
Bottom dwellers
Crush molluscs
Whiplike tail, barb

18. Skate or Ray?
Skates – ‘mermaid’s purse’, sharp teeth; fat, fleshy tail with no barb
Rays – viviparous; flat, crushing teeth, long, whip-like tail with barbs
Body shape

19. Sharks 440 species Carnivores, some filter feeders Liver for buoyancy
Not efficient so must keep moving
Ram ventilation – force fresh water over their gills
Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous
Pelagic, coastal, bottom dwellers

20. Class: Osteichthyes Skeleton is bone; calcium phosphate
Marine, freshwater
Operculum – bony plate covering gills
Protection
Pumps water over gills; without moving
Swim bladder – gas-filled sac (buoyant)
2 pairs of paired appendages

22. Osteichthyes Scales (exceptions) Ectotherms (tuna, swordfish)
Carnivores, herbivores, omnivores
Teeth
Dioecious
External and internal fertilization
Oviparous and ovoviviparous
Mating, territoriality behaviors

23. Cold blood from the gills is passed near warmer blood from internal muscles; slow exchange of heat to colder blood. Fish are much more active in colder waters body lengths/sec

24. Osteichthyes
2 types:
Actinopterygii - ray-finned – ‘rays’ of thin bone in fins
Sarcopterygii - lung fish, Coelocanths

25. Class: Amphibia “dual life” Metamorphosis – egg, tadpole, adult
Aquatic then terrestrial
Algae then predators
Eggs in water
Adults on land (mostly)
Gills to lungs/skin
Lateral line to eardrum

26. Amphibians Three chambered heart Ectotherms
Smooth skin – diffusion of oxygen
Many retain gills as adults
Near or in water; moist soil, burrows
High humidity; tropical rain forests
3 types: frogs/toads, salamanders, Caecilians

27. Amphibians Dioecious External fertilization, large numbers of eggs
Mating behaviors; Vocalizations

28. Amphibia Caecilians, ‘blind lizard’ legless, almost blind
Burrow in soft mud, tropical

29. Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class Reptilia
Poikilothermic, ectotherms
Lower caloric intake,
Less active, ambush predators
3-chambered heart
Scales; keratin (protein)
Lungs
Carnivores, herbivores, omnivores

30. Class: Reptilia Dioecious; internal fertilization, cloaca
Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous
Amniotic Egg;
Amniotic fluid and shell
Prevents desiccation; lay eggs on land

31. Class: Reptilia 4 Orders: Testudines – turtles
Squamata – lizards and snakes
Sphenodontia – tuatara
Crocodalia - ?

32. Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Turtles, tortoises, terrapins
Omnivores, no teeth
Migration
Marine, fresh, terrestrial
Internal fertilization
Oviparous – on land

33. Class: Reptilia Order Squamata Lizards, snakes Carnivores, herbivores
External ear
Heat sensing organs

34. Class: Reptilia Order: Crocodalia Ectotherms 4-chambered heart
Parental care

35. Hearts: Vertebrates Have Excellent Closed Circulatory Systems
2–chambered
3-chambered
4-chambered

36. Vertebrate Hearts 2 chambered
Fish (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes)
Oxygenated blood goes directly to tissues without returning to heart

37. Vertebrate Hearts 3 chambered: Amphibians, reptiles
Oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood can mix

38. Vertebrate Hearts 4 chambered: Birds, mammals
Oxygenated blood is separated from deoxygenated blood (more efficient gas exchange)

39. Birds Endotherms 4-chambered heart Feathers Camouflage Mate attraction
Flight
Increased surface area
Foil
Camouflage
Mate attraction
Insulation

40. Flight Feathers Strong wing muscles Hollow bones - decrease weight
Increase surface area without increasing weight
Create a foil shape (lift)
Strong wing muscles
Highly oxygenated
Large keel for attachment of muscle
Hollow bones - decrease weight
Parabronchi – ‘lung’ spread throughout body
Reduced body parts

41. Sternum, Keel; large surface area for attachment of flight muscles
Hollow bones

42. Bird Characteristics Scaly legs – reptiles?
Keratin beak – no teeth (weight)
Dioecious; dimorphic
Oviparous – amniotic egg
Most have high parental care

43. Mammals Endotherms 4-chambered heart Fur/hair – most (bristles)
Mammary glands – milk
Dioecious; dimorphic
3 basic types: monotremes, marsupials, placentals

44. Class: Mammalia - Monotremes
Duck-billed platypus, spiny echidna
Oviparous
No nipples – patches on skin, milk ‘oozes’ out
Cloaca

45. Mammals: Marsupials Pouched - marsupium Viviparous
Young born very altricial (helpless)
Climb into pouch attach to nipple and suckle to fuller development
Most in Australia; opposum

46. Class: Mammalia - Placentals
Viviparous
Young develop attached to mother’s body via a placenta
Nutrient/waste exchange O2, sugar
Surrounded by amnion
Most common