1. Warm Up 3/28
A dog’s pituitary gland produces the hormone ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol. Cortisol helps regulate body weight, mineral balance, the structure of connective tissue, the production of white blood cells, and skin health. When cortisol levels are low, the pituitary gland secretes ACTH. When cortisol levels are high, the pituitary gland stops secreting ACTH. Based on this information, which of the following would most likely be the cause of elevated levels of cortisol in a dog?
A Undersized adrenal glands
B An excess of ACTH
C An inactive pituitary gland
D An immune response to the excess level of cortisol

2. Kingdom: Animalia Domain: Eukarya INVERTEBRATES!!!! 2007-2008 Domain
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Common ancestor

3. Heterotrophs Multicellular No cell walls Sexual reproduction
must ingest others for nutrients
Multicellular
complex bodies
No cell walls
allows active movement
Sexual reproduction
no alternation of generations
no haploid gametophyte

4. radial bilateral Ancestral Protist Cnidaria Nematoda Annelida
Echinodermata
Porifera
Platyhelminthes
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Chordata
sponges
jellyfish
flatworms
roundworms
mollusks
segmented worms
insects spiders
starfish
vertebrates
body & brain
size,  mobility
backbone
redundancy,
specialization,  mobility
segmentation
 body size
endoskeleton
coelom
 digestive sys
radial
body cavity
body complexity
 digestive & repro sys
bilateral symmetry
distinct body plan; cephalization
tissues
specialized structure & function,
muscle & nerve tissue
multicellularity
specialization &  body complexity
bilateral
Ancestral Protist

5. acoelomate pseudocoelomate coelomate
ectoderm
Space for organ system development
increase digestive & reproductive systems
increase food capacity & digestion
increase gamete production
Coelem
mesoderm & endoderm interact during development
allows complex structures to develop in digestive system
ex. stomach
mesoderm
endoderm
pseudocoelomate
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
pseudocoel
coelomate
ectoderm
mesoderm
coelom cavity
endoderm

6. Sponges: Name means 'full of holes'
food taken into each cell by endocytosis
Sponges: Name means 'full of holes'
no distinct tissues or organs
do have specialized cells (amoebocytes and choanocytes)
no symmetry
sessile (as adults)

7. Sponges
Diffusion is the method used for circulation, gas exchange and excretion of wastes
Reproduction
Asexual – Fragmentation
Sexual – Hermaphrodites: release egg and sperm; produce flagellated, swimming larvae

8. Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral
tissues, but no organs
two cell layers
predators
tentacles surround gut opening
extracellular digestion
release enzymes into gastrovascular
cavity
absorption by cells of gastrodermis
Medusa = motile
Polyp = sessile

9. Cnidocyte (stinging cell)
hydra
Cnidocyte (stinging cell)
with nematocyst
trigger
discharged
nematocyst
undischarged
tentacles
mouth
sensory
cell
stinging cell

10. Nerve Net: not centralized, can respond equally on all sides
Use diffusion for circulation, gas exchange and excretion of wastes
Reproduction
Asexual – Budding (polyp)
Sexual – External fertilization/development (medusa)

11. Animals now face the world head on!
Flatworms
tapeworm, planaria
mostly parasitic
bilaterally symmetrical
cephalization = concentration of nervous system and sense organs in anterior end
Eye spots
Lateral flaps(smell)
increase specialization in body plan
Animals now face the world head on!
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
acoelomate

12. Gastrovascular Cavity – one opening for mouth and anus
Use diffusion for transport and gas exchange
Protonephridia Network to excrete ammonia
Flame bulbs
Nephrostomes
Locomotion
Cilia used to move along mucus
Muscles used to undulate (swim)

13. Roundworms bilaterally symmetrical many are parasitic Nerve ring
Hookworm
Nerve ring
Exhibits cephalization
Longitudinal muscles = thrashing motion
C. elegans

14. Complete digestive system
tube running through length of body (mouth, esophagus, midgut, rectum, anus)
Midgut secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients
Material circulate body in fluid of pseudocoelom
Gas exchange occurs by diffusion
Wastes collected by simple structures leading to excretory pores in body wall
Nitrogenous waste usually ammonia, but sometimes urea
Reproduction = sexual
Internal fertilization/external development
Zygote = resistant cell – can survive harsh environment
Rigid cuticle shed periodically

15. slugs, snails, clams, squid
soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells
General body plan:
Muscular foot (movement)
Visceral mass (contains internal organs)
Mantle (fold of tissue over visceral mass creating mantle cavity)
Nerve ring & nerve cords – exhibit cephalization
Locomotion via muscular foot, or jet propulsion

16. Differentiated digestive tract
Radula: belt of curved teeth for scraping up food
Open circulatory System: 3-chambered heart pumps hemolymph
Gas exchange via gills in mantle cavity
Use countercurrent exchange
Nitrogenous waste removed by metanephridia
Nephridiopore discharge into mantle cavity
Reproduction: most reproduce sexually
Many snails
hermaphroditic
Ciliated larvae
= trochophore

17. Segmented worms earthworms, leeches segments
increase mobility
redundancy in body sections
Setae (Bristles) = traction for burrowing
Longitudinal + Circular muscles = peristaltic or slinky type movement
fan worm
leech

18. Closed cirulatory system
Complete Digestive tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, anus)
Closed cirulatory system
Separted body fluids (blood and interstitial)
hemoglobin as repiratory pigment
Moist skin = respiratory surface (gas exchange)

19. Excretory system = metanephridia in each segment
Nephrostome
Nephridiopore
Waste usually ammonia
Reproduction
Some asexual – regeneration
Sexual – hermaphrodites that cross fertilize

20. arachnids crustaceans insects 8 legs, 2 body parts
spiders, ticks, scorpions
crustaceans
gills, 2 pairs antennae
crab, lobster, barnacles, shrmp
insects
6 legs, 3 body parts

21. Spiders, insects, crustaceans
most successful animal phylum (most abundant on Earth)
segmented
specialized segments (head, thorax, abdomen)
allows jointed appendages specialized for swimming, walking or flying
exoskeleton
chitin + protein
Molting – shed exoskeleton periodically

22. Complete digestive tract (foregut, midgut, hindgut) Excretory System
Extensive cephalization
Well developed sense organs (eyes, olfactory, antennae)
Complete digestive tract (foregut, midgut, hindgut)
Excretory System
Malpighian tubules
Waste = uric acid (terrestrial)
Waste = ammonia/urea (aquatic)

23. Open circulatory system (hearts and body movement circulate hemolymph)
Gas exchange:
Gills (aquatic)
Book lungs (terrestrial)
Tracheal system (terrestrial)
Spiracles
Tracheae
Reproduction – Sexual
Internal fertilization/external development
Metamorphosis

24. Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber
Name means 'spiny skin'
Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber
Bilateral larvae; radially symmetrical as adults
spiny endoskeleton
Nerve Ring with radial nerves
Short Digestive tract
Gills for gas exchange
Excretion:
Coelomocytes
Phagocytize wastes and
Carry to discharge sites

25. Circulation
Water Vascular system: madreporites take in water from environment; water flows through tubes terminating in tube feet (used for locomotion)
Hemal System: fluid moves through tubes due to peristalsis and cilia
Reproduction
Asexual – Regeneration
Sexual – external fertilization
and development

26. Which group includes snails, clams, and squid?
Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata
Which group includes snails, clams, and squid?
Which group is the sponges?
Which are the flatworms?
…segmented worms?
…roundworms?
Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton?
Which two groups have radial symmetry?
What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry?
Which group has no symmetry?
Which group includes snails, clams, and squid? Mollusks
Which group is the sponges? Porifera
Which are the flatworms? Platyhelminthes
…segmented worms? Annelids
…roundworms? Nematodes
Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton? Arthropods
Which two groups have radial symmetry? Cnidaria, Echinoderm
What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry? cephalization
Which group has no symmetry? Profiera 26