1. What is the Survival of Adélie Penguins due to Climate Change: A Study on Population Dynamics By: Jessica Caton

2. Introduction to Population Ecology What is a population? – A group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a specific area (Molles 2010, p. 202) Why study populations? – Saving endangered species – Controlling pest populations – Clues to understanding/controlling disease – Growth of human population

3. Population Dynamics An area of population ecology concerned with the factors influencing the expansion, decline, or maintenance of populations (Molles 2010, p. 222) Populations dynamics are important due to key to understanding: - decline of threatened/endangered species - control invasive species - maintain culturally/economically important populations

4. Antarctic Species of Interest: Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Physical appearance: – Medium-sized (2 feet tall), black and white – Angular head and tiny bill – White eyering – Longest feather on body is the tail Smallest penguin in Antarctica One of the pack ice Antarctic penguins Most numerous bird in Antarctica

5. Adélie Penguins and Climate Change One of the best studied birds Changing population of species: numbers dropped a third Sea-ice decline, Adélie penguin populations decline Evolution of environmental instability?

6. Life Tables A table that uses age specific information to estimate important population dynamic traits on a population

7. Types of Life Tables Cohort Life Tables (horizontal) Static Life Tables (vertical) After reviewing both concepts click HEREHERE

8. Cohort Life Table Time Cohort (horizontal) A table based on individuals born (or beginning life in some other way) at same time (Molles 2010, p. 230)

9. Static Life Table A life table constructed by recording the age at death of a large number of individuals A snapshot of survival within a population during a short interval of time (Molles 2010, p. 231) Time

10. Data Collection for Life Table Age (x)NxNx BxBx 0160 2-480 5-752 8-1024

11. Age (x)NxNx BxBx 010000 11860 258690 334465 422314 512201 6587 7235 800

12. Age (x)NxNx BxBx lxlx mxmx lxmxlxmx xl x m x 0100001 11860 258690 334465 422314 512201 6587 7235 800 Total

13. Age (x)NxNx BxBx lxlx mxmx lxmxlxmx xl x m x 0100001000 118600.186000 2586900.05811.90.691.38 3344650.03413.680.471.39 4223140.02214.270.311.26 5122010.01216.750.201.00 65870.00517.40.090.52 72350.00217.50.040.25 8000000 Total1.795.80 R0R0 3.24 T

14. Variables X = Age N = Population size B = Birth rate l = Survivorship m = Average offspring T= generation time r = per capita rate of increase R0 = Net reproductive rate Calculations

15. Interpreting Age structure = N X Generation time = T (am I in your generation) Per capita rate of increase = r (-, 0, +) Net reproductive rate = R 0 (0, 1)

16. Survival and Mortality in a Population of Adélie Penguins (Ainley & DeMaster 1980)

17. Survivorship Curve A graphical summary of patterns of survival in a population (Molles 2010, p. 231) Three types: – Type 1 = High mortality in Type 1 older individuals – Type 2 =Constant mortality rate Type 2 – Type 3 =High mortality in juveniles Type 3

18. Type 1 Survivorship Curve Home

19. Type 2 Survivorship Curve Home

20. Type 3 Survivorship Curve Home