1. PLAIN INDIANS p.27 1860s-1890s Goal 4: Goal 4 The Great West and the Rise of the Debtor (1860-1896) The learner will evaluate the great westward movement and assess the impact of the agricultural revolution on the nation. 4-1 Compare and contrast the different groups of people who migrated to the West and describe the problems they experienced. 4-2 Evaluate the impact that settlement in the West had upon different groups of people and the environment.

2. Plain Indians Great Plains or Great American Desert Highly developed lifestyle: nomadic lifestyle (traveling) or small villages Horse (transportation and hunting) and Buffalo (food, clothing, weapons, artistic materials, etc) very important to survival Communal living— small extended families, no one person dominates, common use of land

3. AMERICAN INTERESTS Indian Removal Act of 1830 (Jackson)  treaty gave lands to Indians California Gold Rush 1848 = settlers must go thru plains to get to CA Homestead Act of 1862 — offers 160 acres to head of household in exchange for a 5 year commitment Transcontinental Railroad: massacre of buffalo herds, helps settle west Central and Union Pacific RRs— built by Irish and Chinese immigrants….railroads met in Promontory Point, Utah in 1869 “Golden Spike”

5. Indian Restrictions Treaties broken Indians forced onto reservations Gov’t payment and supplies were not delivered as promised White interference with way of life = uprisings

6. Massacre at Sandcreek (1864) John Chivington ends up attacking and killing over 150 Fetterman’s Massacre Red Cloud (Sioux Chief) Attempted to end white settlement on the trail Without luck--Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and Red Cloud’s warriors ambush Fetterman and his small army

7. Indian Wars Gold found in the Black Hills of Dakotas settlers rush in to strike it rich  Sioux try to defend area promised to them  Army sends George Custer Little Bighorn, 1876: Sitting Bull has vision, Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull lead warriors as Custer and his men arrive  Custer and all his men were killed within 1 hour—aka Custer’s Last Stand

9. Nez Perce Indians—1877 Chief Joseph leader Compared his people to white settlers as a deer is to a grizzly bear Refused to go to reservation until captured Chased for over 1000 miles, eventually realize they are defeated

10. Chief Joseph I write these notes of my life while I am on the run. My people, the Nez Perce Indians, are being chased by the Army of the United States because we will not go to a certain piece of land that they have picked for use. We know that the land is useless, that's why they are giving it to us and taking our land. We are a proud people not stupid. We know that if we go, we will probably die from starvation, settlers, or disease. My people are prepared to travel to the end of the world if it meant that the white man would leave us alone. I feel that my people are growing tired of running. They are starving because they cannot hunt if they are being chased and shot on sight. I am planning a speech to my people. I am going to say to my people that we should "fight no more forever". This sounds about right for me to say seeing as how we cannot keep running from them. I do believe that we should stop and show them that we are brave enough to stand and take it and maybe they will not punish my people for what I told them to do. Maybe I shouldn't punish myself for what has happened but I cannot help thinking that I caused many men to run to their deaths. But none of this would have happened if it wasn't for the land hungry settlers and their government.

11. Affect of American Settlers = ASSIMILATION (to absorb into the American culture) “A Century of Dishonor” by Helen Hunt Jackson exposed broken treaties with Native Americans Some support of assimilation— give up way of life and beliefs to become part of white culture Dawes Act (1887): 160 acres to each family, most land eventually taken, attempt to ‘Americanize’ Native Americans

13. Assimilation They came in limitless numbers, Took without asking, ignorant of us. Justified with a cause, to save our people, What needed saving, was what was trying to save us. Liars, thieves, incapable of trust. The white ways, Trampled our graves, and took our lives from us. The ways of our people, now replaced with theirs, Is this necessary, they say they must. We cannot fight back, caught in a white man's trap, Now the end has come, a new sun has risen upon us. What is done, is done, now in limited numbers. Placed in reservations without much of as fuss.

14. End of the Indian Lifestyle Assimilation, education to be more like whites, destruction of the Buffalo, removal, disease, etc. Ghost Dance Movement: Sioux spiritual dance thought it would bring back land and way of life, outlawed b/c it was seen as a threat to whites Battle of Wounded Knee —massacre of several hundred Sioux Sioux were rounded up, starving and cold, weapons were demanded—a shot was fired (from where is unknown) and soldier’s opened fire with deadly force, within minutes over 300 had been slaughtered. This event ends the era of Indian wars

17. Review Questions 1. Which event was most significant in ending traditional Native American life on the plains? a. The invention of barbed wire b. The destruction of the buffalo c. The discovery of gold d. The building of railroads

18. 2. What was the government’s policy toward Native American land? a. The government wanted to restrict all Native Americans to designated areas b. The government did not care what happened to the land c. The government wanted to protect the buffalo, a main source of survival for the Native Americans d. None of the above

19. 3. What laid land aside in 160 acre parcels for the Native Americans? a. The Homestead Act b. The Treaty of Fort Laramie c. The Dawes Act d. The Morrill Act

20. 4. What Nez Perce leader refused to go to the reservation and fled from the U.S. Army for over 1,000 miles? a. Sitting Bull b. Crazy Horse c. Tippecanoe d. Chief Joseph

21. 5. Process of giving up one’s beliefs and traditions in order to take on “white” culture? a. Agreement b. Assimilation c. Dishonor d. Acceptance

22. 6. Where did the Union Pacific and the Central Railroads meet in 1869 to create the first transcontinental railroad? a. Black Hills, South Dakota b. Portland, Oregon c. Abilene, Texas d. Promontory Point, Utah