1. Chapter 13 Single-Subject Designs @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning

2. Topics 1.Types of Single-Subject Designs 2.Case Study Designs 3.Experimental Single-Subject Designs 4.Alternative Types of Single-Subject Research

3. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Types of Single-Subject Designs

4. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Types of Single-Subject Designs Two purposes – Descriptive Single-subject naturalistic observation Single variable is observed after the application of a particular treatment – Experimental Reversal design Multiple-baseline design

5. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Types of Single-Subject Designs (cont’d.) Descriptive and experimental intents may be combined In 1895, a 9-year-old boy swallowed some scalding hot clam chowder – Describe a person’s behaviors or psychological processes – Scientifically model these behaviors or cognitive processes – Can be used to direct experimental procedures

6. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Case Study Designs

7. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Naturalistic Case Studies Case study – Based on the logic of describing, analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating a set of events and relationships within a framework or theory (Bromley, 1986) Typical descriptive case study: focuses on either problematic or exceptional behaviors Advantage: ability to describe processes not easily reduced to a single variable

8. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Naturalistic Case Studies (cont’d.) Examples: – Case study of Anna O. – Morton Prince’s The Dissociation of a Personality (1913) – Oliver Sacks’s Awakenings (1973) – Ramachandran (1998) summarized his work on phantom limb pain – Maslow (1970) studied exceptional people whom he considered to be self-actualizing

9. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning One-Shot Case Studies Narrative that summarizes an experimenter’s direct observations of a participant’s behavior after some sort of treatment has been performed Figure 13.1 One-shot case study design. In the figure, X represents the treatment given to a single subject; O refers to the experimenter’s observations

10. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning One-Shot Case Studies (cont’d.) May be used to study the effects of an event that took place in the past Example: – A male patient (H.M.) underwent bilateral temporal lobe surgery in 1953 – As a result of the surgery, this man had no memory of the present – From the case study, information has been obtained about memory

11. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning One-Shot Case Studies (cont’d.) As an experimental design – The case study does not give us the ability to make strong inferences Kazdin (2003b, 2010): the single-subject design is misnamed and misunderstood The single-subject design “should not be demeaned by identification with the one- group posttest-only design” (Cook & Campbell, 1979, p. 96)

12. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Experimental Single-Subject Designs

13. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Experimental Single-Subject Designs Determine the manner in which one variable influences another Time series approach – Establish a series of measurements over time – Series of measurements forms a basis of comparison with another series of measurements after the independent variable is introduced

14. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Experimental Single-Subject Designs (cont’d.) Establishing a baseline – Serves as a reference point – Gives us some sense of how stable or labile the dependent variable is when the independent variable is not present Intrasubject replication: pattern is repeated within a single participant Intersubject replication: pattern is repeated between participants

15. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Reversal Design Common type of single-subject design Term reversal: comes from the shifting of the baseline and treatment conditions May use any number of reversals ABA design: design that measures a participant’s behavior before, during, and after a treatment

16. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Reversal Design (cont’d.) Figure 13.2 This figure represents an ABAB single-subject reversal design. X represents the administration of the independent variable; O represents the behavioral observations made on the subject. Note that O 1 and O 3 represent the observations of the dependent variable in the absence of the treatment condition, and O 2 and O 4 represent the observations of the dependent variable in the presence of the treatment condition

17. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Figure 13.3 This figure represents an alternative method of diagramming an ABAB single-subject reversal design. Depending on the dependent variable, the change from baseline to treatment may be seen either as an increase (e.g., percentage of intervals with correct behavior) or as a decrease (e.g., percentage of intervals with problem behavior) Source: Dyer, Dunlap, and Winterling (1990).

18. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Figure 13.4 Results of an ABA study of three students Source: Dyer, Dunlap, and Winterling (1990).

19. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Reversal Design (cont’d.) Limitation: – Will work only when we are studying the effect of treatment conditions on behaviors that return quickly to baseline levels once the treatment is over Use a multiple-baseline design – When studying the long-lasting effects of various independent variables on single participants

20. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Multiple-Baseline Design Monitor several behaviors of a single subject simultaneously Once baseline levels are established for each behavior – Apply treatment to one of these behaviors Once the first behavioral shift is noted – Treatment is applied to the next behavior, and so on

21. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Multiple-Baseline Design (cont’d.) Figure 13.5 Multiple-baseline design. In this design, several behaviors (A, B, C, and D) are monitored simultaneously. The treatment is applied successively to each of these behaviors. The continuation of baseline measures after treatment sometimes is omitted. Note that evidence suggestive of a causal relationship would consist of a successive shift in baseline activity as each successive behavior receives the treatment condition

22. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Figure 13.6 Multiple-baseline design. This type of representation is an alternative to the one presented in Figure 13.5. In this case the baseline measures were not continued after the treatment condition was introduced. The letters A, B, C, and D could represent either different behaviors of a given participant, the same behavior of one participant in different situations, or the same behavior of different participants.

23. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Multiple-Baseline Design (cont’d.) Keep in mind: each behavior being monitored must be independent of the others Limited value in studying inappropriate classroom behaviors

24. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Multielement Design Compare different levels of a given variable or different treatments Also called the alternating treatment design or simultaneous treatment design Key element: incorporates many reversals

25. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Multielement Design (cont’d.) Advantages: – Examine the changes within the context of background variables that are difficult to change – Any differences in the effects of different treatments seem to emerge quickly Limitation: best suited to changes that are short-lived

26. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Making Sense of Single-Subject Experimental Results How do you know that the particular pattern of results is meaningful? – Logic – Replication Traditional experimental single-subject designs do not offer a cutoff level – Researcher must determine the meaning of the pattern observed

27. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Alternative Types of Single-Subject Research

28. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Alternative Types of Single-Subject Research Recent trends: – Use inferential procedures in single-subject studies (Gorman & Allison, 1998) – Use single-subject approaches conceptually as an aid in describing theoretical cognitive models

29. @ 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Summary Naturalistic case study: traditional means of describing an individual Experimental single-subject designs: use a series of measurements over time to establish stability Types of experimental single-subject designs: reversal design, the multiple-baseline design, and the multielement design