1. CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
CRM PRINCIPLES

2. Cognitive and Interpersonal Skills
CRM is concerned not so much with the technical knowledge and skills required to fly and operate an aircraft but rather with the COGNITIVE and INTERPERSONAL skills needed to manage the flight within an organized aviation system. 2

3. Definition Cognitive (Mengamati): relating to cognition
Cognition (Pengamatan) : the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge through thought, experience, and the senses. perception, sensation, or intuition resulting from this.
Interpersonal: relating to relationships or communication between people.

4. What is Cognitive Skills?
COGNITIVE SKILLS are defined as the mental processes used for gaining and maintaining:
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS,
PROBLEMS SOLVING
DECISION MAKING. 4

5. What is Interpersonal Skills?
INTERPERSONAL SKILLS are regarded as COMMUNICATIONS and a range of behavioral activities associated with TEAMWORK .

6. Cognitive and Interpersonal Skills
Cognitive Skills
Situational Awareness
Problem Solving
Decision Making
Interpersonal Skills
Communications
Teamwork 6

7. Major Causes of Human Error in Aircraft Accidents
Lack of Situational Awareness Lack of Communication Lack of Teamwork Lack of Resources Lack of Knowledge Lack of Assertiveness Distraction Pressure Stress Crew Fatigue Complacency (uncritically satisfied)

8. Situational Awareness:
Section 7:
Situational Awareness
The accurate perception of the factors (technical , environment & human) affecting the aircraft and the crew, including knowing what has happened in the PAST, what’s going on NOW, and how these affect & what might happen in the FUTURE.
Many of the items we’ve talked about might remind you of the need to know what’s happening to you.
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS: “The ACCURATE perception of the factors affecting the aircraft and the crew, including knowing what has happened in the PAST, what’s going on NOW, and how these affect what might happen in the FUTURE.”
If an aviator is to be safe, and not controlled by fickle luck, then “the head must not be in the sand” nor can “hands be over face” to make bad things go away . . .
Simplistic? Maybe, but how often are these simple principles overlooked?!

9. Situational Awareness
Know what is going on around you at all times
Requires:
Good mental health
Good physical health
Attentiveness (Close Attention)
Inquisitiveness (Curious)
14.3
Objective 14.2 – Discuss situational awareness.

10. How to establish Situational Awareness?
In order to establish situational awareness, human beings take in information through the 5 senses
1) Touch
2) Hearing
3) Smell
4) Sight
5) Taste
This information is then transformed by the brain into a mental model of the situation, a process known as PERCEPTION.
The perceptive process not only depends on current information. Also based on past experience and sensations. 10

11. Awareness of what? Example:
Are aware of what the aircraft and its systems are doing.
Are aware of where the aircraft is and its environment.
Are aware of the condition of people involved in the operation including passengers.
Keep track of time and fuel.
Recognize what is likely to happen, plan and stay ahead of the game.
Develop what if scenarios and make pre-decisions
Identify threats to the safety of the aircraft and people.

12. Remember
Situational awareness is a critical factor in our ability to respond effectively to a situation
Maintaining a high level of situational awareness will better prepare crews to respond to unexpected situations

13. Awareness of AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS The crew needs to be constantly aware of the state of different aircraft systems
Examples of GOOD practice:
Examples of POOR practice:
Does not ask for updates
Does not signal awareness of changing systems.
Monitors and reports changes in system states
Acknowledges entries and changes to systems.
Situation Awareness
4.1.1 Awareness of aircraft systems
The crew needs to be constantly aware of the state of different aircraft systems.
Examples of poor practice:
• Does not ask for updates;
• Does not signal awareness of changing systems.
Examples of good practice:
• Monitors and reports changes in system states;
• Acknowledges entries and changes to systems.   

14. Awareness of ENVIRONMENT The crew needs to be aware of their environment (position, weather, air traffic, terrain).
Examples of GOOD practice:
Examples of POOR practice:
Does not ask for information about environmental changes;
Does not comment on relevant environmental factors.
Does not acknowledge ATC directions
Collects information about the environment
Contacts outside resources when necessary
Shares information about the environment with others.
4.1.2 Awareness of external environment
The crew needs to be aware of their environment (position, weather, air traffic,
terrain).
Examples of poor practice:
• Does not acknowledge - repeat ATC directions;
• Does not enquire about environmental changes;
• Does not comment on relevant environmental factors, or is surprised by them.
Examples of good practice:
• Collects information about the environment;
• Contacts outside resources when necessary;
• Shares information about the environment with others.

15. Awareness of TIME The crew needs must also be able to predict future states in order to anticipate future events
Examples of GOOD practice:
Examples of POOR practice:
Does not set priorities with respect to time limits.
Does not discuss relationship between past events and present – future
Discusses possibility strategies.
Identifies possible
future problems.
4.1.3 Awareness of time
The crew needs not only to be aware of the present state of the aircraft systems and environment, but must also be able to predict future states in order to anticipate future events. Examples of poor practice:
• Does not set priorities with respect to time limits;
• Does not discuss relationship between past events and present - future;
• Is surprised by outcomes of past events.
Examples of good practice:
• Discusses contingency strategies;
• Identifies possible - future problems.

16. HOW TO SET YOURSELF UP GOOD FOR SITUATIONAL AWARENESS?

17. The “I’M SAFE” checklist
I ILLNESS?
M MEDICATION?
S STRESS?
A ALCOHOL?
F FATIGUE?
E EATING?
A neat trick to help you to remember these things is the “I’m Safe” checklist:
I ILLNESS?
M MEDICATION?
S STRESS?
A ALCOHOL?
F FATIGUE?
E EATING?

18. If you want to set yourself up for good situational awareness, then:
I’M SAFE
ILLNESS: Don’t go!
MEDICATION: Caution! See Medical Doctor
STRESS: Dangerous
ALCOHOL: Get real! Don’t even dream of it!
FATIGUE: You’re not Superman
EATING: Enough but not too much. Quality. Purity.

19. Way to maintain good Situational Awareness
KNOWLEDGE of not just airplane, but the elements of CRM and their effects of performance.
ATTITUDE that is open to facing personal weaknesses.
PERSONAL HEALTH to sharpen the senses.

20. Way to maintain good Situational Awareness
CREW COORDINATION-Allows crew to interact effectively while performing mission tasks
INQUIRY-Active questioning, investigation, and use of aggressive doubt (curious).
ASSERTIVENESS--Sense of obligation to speak up.
ANALYSIS--Continuous evaluation of everything to keep the “plan” up to date.

21. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF LOSS OF SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

22. Causes of Lost of Situational Awareness
CONFUSION: uncertainty about a situation (often accompanied psychological discomfort).
TOO RELAXED: “I’ve done this a hundred times . . .”
IMPROPER PROCEDURES: Taking shortcuts from standard operating procedures
TOO CONFIDENT: “Everything is just fine!”
FIXATION: Focusing only on one thing and excluding all others
AMBIGUITY - information from two or more sources that doesn't agree (Unclear situations).
Operating aircraft outside its published limitations
No one looking out the windows

23. Factors that reduce Situational Awareness
Fatigue: extreme tiredness resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness.
Stress: Physical/ Psychological tension caused by dealing with difficult situations.
Task overload (Too busy to stay on top of everything)
Inadequate communication

24. Prevention of Loss Situational Awareness
DECIDE Model
D = Detect the fact that a change has occurred that requires attention.
E = Estimate the significance of the change to the operation.
C = Choose a safe outcome for the operation.
I = Identify reasonable actions and their risks to control the change.
D = Do the best option. This letter “D” can also mean “discuss” options with crewmates.
E = Evaluate the effect of the action on the change and on progress of the operation.

25. How to Regain Situational Awareness Once Loss
Reduce workload: Delay the mission.
COMMUNICATE
Reduce threats:
Get away from the obstacles (e.g., climb to a safe altitude).
Establish a stable flight profile where you can safely analyze the situation.
14.4
Objective Discuss how to regain SA once lost.

26. Cognitive and Interpersonal Skills
Cognitive Skills
Situational Awareness
Problem Solving
Decision Making
Interpersonal Skills
Communications
Teamwork 26