1. Bluetooth Technology By, Ms.Vicky HSU Rajan Avudaiappan
Computer Networks-I [A1604]
SVU CS-426

2. Introduction Originally developed by:
Ericsson Mobile Communication (Sweden)
Initiated the study (1994)
Low power, low cost radio interference between mobile phones and its accessories
Eliminate cables between the devices
Later IBM, INTEL, Nokia & Toshiba formed the “Bluetooth Special Internet Group (SIG)” [1998]
Developed Bluetooth 1.0 Specification (1999)
Promoter group: Microsoft, Motorola, 3Com and Lucent

3. Bluetooth History Harald Bluetooth Gormson
Name of a king (Denmark, 10th century)
To honor him for his contributions for communication technology

4. Bluetooth!! [i.e.] Bluetooth networking standard is: Bluetooth:
a set of rules for radio frequencies &
communication (Voice and Data application)
[i.e.]
Bluetooth:
A physical standard for radio signals
Part of radio spectrum with ISM devices (Industrial, Scientific and Medical Devices)
Operates in 2.45 GHz range of RF spectrum
A protocol standard communications

5. Bluetooth communication
Uses different radio waves to communicate
Perfect for short range communication
Uses FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread- Spectrum)
Doesn’t interfere with other
Support 8 connection [ < 10 meter ]
Switches b/w 79 frequencies (random) or Channel

6. Bluetooth communication
Bluetooth Device
Changes frequencies times / Sec
(Disturbance could be avoided)
Piconet
It is a type of network connection
(Generated by the Bluetooth devices)
Bluetooth – Other Bluetooth devices
able to connect automatically
(in discoverable mode)

7. Bluetooth classification
Based on the power levels
Based on maximum transmission capacity
Classification Power level Capacity
Class I 20 dBm 100 m
Class II dBm m
Class III dBm m

8. Bluetooth operation ‘Radio channel’ is shared by devices (group)
Bluetooth: Radio
Bluetooth RF (Physical layer)
Operates in the unlicensed ISM band (2.4 GHz)
It makes use of a frequency hop transceiver
To prevent interference and fading
To make available of many FHSS carriers
It makes use of a binary FM (to reduce transceiver complexity)
Data rate - up to 1 Mbps
‘Radio channel’ is shared by devices (group)
They are synchronized to a common clock &
Frequency hopping pattern

9. Bluetooth operation Bluetooth: Radio ‘ Bluetooth Piconet ’
A type of network connection (Group of devices will occupying shared physical channel)
Master (Synchronization reference)
clock & device address - decide channel characteristics
Slave devices (Devices - that connected with the master)
‘ Frequency Hopping ’
Devices use a explicit Frequency hopping pattern
Algorithm ( Bluetooth specification address & master’s clock)
Pseudo - Random sequence hopping pattern (ISM 79 freq.)
‘ Full Duplex ’
Uses Time - Division Duplex method
Data transmission in the form of packets

10. Bluetooth operation Bluetooth: Link & Protocols ‘ Control Layers ’
Placed above the physical channel
Layer of links and Channels
Control Protocols
‘ Physical Links ’
Connection established between
Two Piconet Bluetooth devices
Master & Slave - possible
Slave & Slave - impossible
Can be used to transport more than one logical layer
Supports synchronous, asynchronous traffic

11. Bluetooth operation Bluetooth: Link & Protocols Logical Links
Data traffic in logical link is being multiplexed
(into the physical link by occupying slots )
Link Manager Protocol (LMP)
It is a control protocol (for baseband & physical layers)
Link manager uses this LMP (to control device operations)
Provide services to manage (for radio & baseband layers)
Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)
Based above the baseband layer
Provides abstraction to applications and services
Multiplexing & De-multiplexing of many channels

12. Bluetooth Wireless Technology
Bluetooth - for voice and data application
Penetration  can penetrate solid objects like walls
Bluetooth chip cost : (< $3 ~ $5) – Economically efficient
Easy to use
Security – Allows 3 diff. Modes
Non-secure, Service level, Link level
Max bandwidth : 1 Mbps (theoretically) : 721 Kbps
Low power consumption
Interference  very short time
Good for Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)

13. Bluetooth Wireless Technology
Quick synchronization between Bluetooth enabled devices
Omni directional --> No line-of-sight requirement
Ability to establish connection (between any portable devices and a wired network)
Uses globally available unlicensed ISM radio band
Frequency range :
MHz
2.4 – GHz
Need not require operator’s license from:
Federal Communication Commission (FCC)
Any other International Regulatory Board
Adopt common frequency band
Can use virtually anywhere (any country in the world)

14. Bluetooth Wireless Technology
System consists of:
Software, Hardware and interoperability requirements
Bluetooth Baseband protocol
Combination of “Circuit & Packet switching”
Easy to embedded directly into:
Existing component boards or an adapter devices
Bluetooth equipment integrate easily in TCP/IP network
It uses wireless LAN & IEEE standards for data transmissions
Bluetooth frequency range used in:
USA MHz to 2480 MHz
Europe MHz to 2480 MHz
Japan to 2497 MHz

15. Bluetooth (IEEE standards)
IEEE Working group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)
Bluetooth technology follows “IEEE ” standards
Ver 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 & 2.0
1.2  Adaptive Frequency Hopping  Reduce interference

16. Technology Characteristics
Uses small data packets
Improve & Maximize interface capacity
Minimize interference by:
Quick Frequency Hopping
Adaptive output power
Forward Error Correction
Specific method used by receivers
Detect errors in the transmission
Correct errors -> Ability to correct them
Maximum availability of devices in a Piconet:
1 Master device
7 Slave devices

17. Technology Characteristics
Service Support: Asynchronous, Synchronous
Asynchronous Connectionless Link (ACL)
Supports for data transfer
Carry either user data or control data
Efficiency is best
Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO) Link
Real-time Voice support
Multimedia Traffic
Uses reserved bandwidth
Maximum three SCO connection (64,000 bits/sec) is possible

18. Bluetooth Links Data & Voice transmitted as packets
Errors detected at receiver side
Notification  to the header of the return packet
Only lost or erroneous packets need to be retransmitted
ACL supports: (Data transmission)
Symmetrical or Asymmetrical
Packet Switched
Point-to-multi point connections
Symmetrical Connection Link
Max. Data rate : Kbps (in both direction)
Asymmetrical Connection Link
Max. Data rate: Kbps (in one direction) Kbps (in reverse direction)

19. Bluetooth Links SCO link supports: (voice transmission)
Symmetrical
Circuit Switched
Point-to-Point connection
Three synchronous channels of 64 Kbps
They use either:
Pulse Code Modulation
Std. for encoding speech (Analog ~ Digital) - PSTN
Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation (CVSD)
Std. for encoding speech (Analog ~ Digital)
More immunity to interference
Best for Voice transmission than PCM over wireless link
Appropriate voice-coding scheme is being selected
(After communication between: link managers of the devices)

20. Host Controller Interface Baseband and link controller
Bluetooth protocol stack
Data & Control
Voice
Application
OBEX
WAP
TCS
SDP
RFCOMM
L2CAP
Host Controller Interface
Baseband and link controller
Link manager
Radio
Two
way
voice
Control

21. Bluetooth protocol stack
TCS (Telephony Control Protocol)
Gives information about telephony services 
SDP (Service Discovery Protocol)
Allows Bluetooth devices can find out what all are services supported by other Bluetooth devices
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) & OBEX (Object Exchange)
Gives interfaces to the higher layer parts of other communication protocols
RFCOMM (Radio Frequency Communication)
It is the Bluetooth serial port emulator
It provides serial interface services (RS 232)

22. Bluetooth protocol stack
L2CAP (Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol)
Multiplexes the data from higher-level layers and also alters between different packet sizes
Makes virtual connection between hosts and keeps track of multiple concurrent sessions (Ex: file transfers)
Breaks the application data into Bluetooth-size fragments for transmission, and it will do the reverse operation for the received data
Host Controller Interface
Controls communication between a separate host and a Bluetooth module
Link Manager
Handles and configures links with other devices

23. Bluetooth protocol stack
Broadband and Link Controller
It handles the physical links through radio as well as assembling of packets
It also controls the frequency hopping
Radio
It uses for modulation and demodulation of data for transmission and reception

24. Bluetooth Protocols

25. Bluetooth Protocols

26. Bluetooth devices…(examples)
Bluetooth Head phones
Bluetooth PDAs
Bluetooth Access points
Bluetooth adapters
Bluetooth projectors
Bluetooth cameras
Bluetooth printers
Bluetooth car adapters
Bluetooth mice, keyboard
Bluetooth Handsets
Bluetooth Modems
Bluetooth Medical devices
Bluetooth Flash cards
Bluetooth projectors
Bluetooth MP3 players
Bluetooth mobile PCs

27. References www.bluetooth.com
Bluetooth Demystified, Nathan J.Muller, McGraw-Hill, NY, USA 2000
Bluetooth- Connect without cables, By Jennifer Bray and Charles F Sturman, Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, 2001
Bluetooth Operation and Use, By Robert Morrow, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2002

28. Queries ?