1. I NTERACTIVE P RESENTATION S LIDES F OR I NTRODUCTORY P SYCHOLOGY

2.  Are gender differences biologically predisposed or socially constructed?  Is a child’s grammar mostly innate or formed by experience?  How are differences in intelligence and personality influenced by heredity and environment?

3. Video: The Nature-Nurture Issue Video: The Nature-Nurture Issue

4. Video Review  How might evolutionary psychology’s explanation of human behavior shape social and political attitudes?  Provide some examples of how both nature and nurture contribute to specific human behaviors.

5. A perspective is a way of viewing subject matter or phenomena. PerspectiveFocusSample Questions Neuroscience How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences  How are messages transmitted within the body?  How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes  How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?

6. PerspectiveFocusSample Questions Socio-cultural How much our environment and culture effects our behavior  To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? Psycho- dynamic How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts  How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as the disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? Behavioral How we learn observable responses  How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations?  What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say, to lose weight or stop smoking? Cognitive How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information  How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Solving problems?

7. Psychologists use the scientific method. 1. Theories Example: Low self-esteem feeds depression. 2. Hypotheses Example: People with low self-esteem will score higher on a depression scale. 3. Research and observations Example: Administer tests of self- esteem and depression. See if a low score on one predicts a high score on the other.  Formulate a question  Design a study  Analyze the data  Report the results Empirical Evidence: Evidence gained and verified through objective observation, measurement, and experimentation Empirical Evidence: Evidence gained and verified through objective observation, measurement, and experimentation

8. Case Study Survey Naturalistic Observation Descriptive Methods are used to systematically observe and describe behavior Some drawbacks to these methods

9. and or Correlational studies show how factors are related.  Positive correlations indicate that two factors increase or decrease together.  Negative correlations indicate that as one factor increases, the other decreases.  Correlation does not prove causation. or

10. In an experiment, participants are randomly assigned… …into experimental and control groups… …which are then subject to independent and dependent variables. Experiment A method to test a hypothesis about a cause- and-effect relationship Experiment A method to test a hypothesis about a cause- and-effect relationship

11.  Informed consent.  No coercion  Deception only under certain conditions.  Personal information must remain confidential.  Participants must be debriefed.

12. Video: Ethics in Human Research: Violating One’s Privacy? Video: Ethics in Human Research: Violating One’s Privacy?

13. Video Review  Would you ask that your medical records be excluded from deCODE’s databank? Why or why not?  Is increased understanding of human behavior always beneficial? Why or why not?