1. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 20 Qualitative Research Design and Approaches

2. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false: Qualitative research involves an emergent design—a design that emerges in the field as the study unfolds.

3. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer True Qualitative research involves an emergent design—a design that emerges in the field as the study unfolds. Although qualitative design is flexible, qualitative researchers plan for broad contingencies that pose decision opportunities for study design in the field.

4. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Emergent Design Emerges in the filed as the study unfolds Flexible Plan for broad contingencies Pose decision opportunities for study desgin

5. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Bricoleurs Creative and intuitive Array of data from many sources Holistic understanding

6. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Overview of Qualitative Research Traditions Anthropology (Domain: Culture) –Ethnography; Ethnoscience Philosophy (Domain: Lived Experience) –Phenomenology; Hermeneutics Psychology (Domain: Behavior) –Ethology; Ecological psychology

7. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Overview of Qualitative Research Traditions (cont’d) Sociology (Domain: Social Settings) –Grounded theory; Ethnomethodology Sociolinguistics (Domain: Communication) –Discourse analysis History (Domain: Past Events & Conditions) –Historical research

8. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false: Ethnography focuses on the culture of a group of people and relies on extensive field work that usually includes participant observation and in-depth interviews with key informants.

9. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer True Ethnography focuses on the culture of a group of people and relies on extensive field work that usually includes participant observation and in-depth interviews with key informants.

10. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Ethnography Describes and interprets cultural behavior Types of ethnography: –Macroethnography (broadly defined cultures) –Microethnography (narrowly defined cultures) –Autoethnography –Ethnonursing research –Ethnoscience (cognitive anthropology)

11. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Ethnography (cont’d) Relies on extensive, labor-intensive fieldwork Culture is inferred from the group’s words, actions, and products Assumption: cultures guide the way people structure their experiences

12. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Ethnography (cont’d) Seeks an emic perspective (insiders’ view) of the culture Relies on a wide range of data sources Product: an in-depth, holistic portrait of the culture under study

13. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false: Ethnonursing resaerch seeks to discover the essence and meaning of a phenomenon as it is experienced by people, mainly through in-depth interviews with people who have had the relevant experience.

14. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False Phenomenology seeks to discover the essence and meaning of a phenomenon as it is experienced by people, mainly through in-depth interviews with people who have had the relevant experience. Nurses sometimes refer to their ethnographic studies as ethnonursing research.

15. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Phenomenology Focuses on the discovery of the meaning of people’s lived experience Descriptive phenomenology: describes the meaning of human experience Steps: Bracketing, Intuiting, Analyzing, Describing Interpretive phenomenology (hermeneutics): interprets human experience

16. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Phenomenology (cont’d) Asks: What is the essence of a phenomenon as experienced by these people, and what does it mean? Four aspects of experience: Lived space, lived body, lived time, lived human relation Main data source: In-depth conversations with participants

17. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Grounded Theory Aims to discover theoretical precepts about social psychological processes and social structures, grounded in data –Substantive theory: grounded in data on a specific substantive topic –Grounded formal theory: a higher, more abstract level of theory based on substantive grounded theory studies

18. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Grounded Theory Studies Primary data sources: in-depth interviews and observations Data collection, data analysis, sampling occur simultaneously Constant comparison used to develop and refine theoretically relevant categories Alternative views of grounded theory:  Glaser and Strauss  Strauss and Corbin

19. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Historical Research Systematically attempts to establish facts about and relationships among past events Types of historical research: –Biographical history –Social history –Intellectual history

20. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Historical Data Typically written records (can be physical remains, photographs, interviews) Requires evaluation –External criticism: authenticity of the source –Internal criticism: worth of the evidence Often found in historical archives Can be primary source or secondary source

21. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false: Case studies focuses on story in studies in which the purpose is to explore how people make sense of events in their lives.

22. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False Case studies are intensive investigations of a single entity or a small number of entities, such as individuals, groups, organizations, or communities; such studies usually involve collecting data over an extended period. Narrative analysis focuses on story in studies in which the purpose is to explore how people make sense of events in their lives.

23. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Other Types of Qualitative Research Case studies: Focus on a single entity, or a small number of entities, with intensive scrutiny Narrative analysis: Focus on story; designed to determine how individuals make sense of events in their lives

24. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Other Types of Qualitative Research (cont’d) Qualitative outcome analysis (QOA): An approach to confirming the applicability of clinical strategies suggested by a qualitative study and evaluating clinical outcomes Qualitative metasynthesis: Interpretive translations produced by integrating findings from qualitative studies

25. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Research With Ideological Perspectives Critical theory research: Concerned with a critique of existing social structures and with envisioning new possibilities

26. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Research With Ideological Perspectives (cont’d) Feminist research: Focuses on how gender domination and discrimination shape women’s lives and their consciousness

27. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Research With Ideological Perspectives (cont’d) Participatory action research: Produces knowledge through close collaboration with groups/communities that are vulnerable to control or oppression