1. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 12 Undertaking Research for Specific Purposes

2. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Multimethod (or Mixed Method) Research A design that blends qualitative and quantitative data and strategies in a single project

3. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Advantages of Multimethod Research Complementarity Enhanced theoretical insights Incrementality Enhanced validity Creating new frontiers

4. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Applications of Multimethod Research Instrument development Explicating and validating constructs Hypothesis generation Illustration, clarification, and amplification Understanding relationships and causal processes Theory building, testing, and refinement

5. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Multimethod Research Designs 1. Component designs 2. Integrated designs

6. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Component Multimethod Designs Qualitative and quantitative aspects are implemented as discrete components of the inquiry, and remain distinct during data collection and analysis Types of component designs: –Triangulated design –Complementarity design –Expansion design

7. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Integrated Multimethod Designs Integration of methods at all phases of the project, from the development of research questions, to data collection and analysis, to interpretation of results Types of integrated designs: –Iterative design –Embedded (nested) design –Holistic design –Transformative design

8. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Strategies for Multimethod Research Clinical trials Evaluation research Surveys Ethnographies

9. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Obstacles to Multimethod Research Epistemologic biases Costs Researcher training Analytic challenges Publication biases

10. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Types of Quantitative Research with Different Purposes 1.Studies that are usually experimental/quasi-experimental: Clinical trials Evaluation research Intervention research

11. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Types of Quantitative Research with Different Purposes (cont’d) 2.Studies that can be experimental or nonexperimental: Outcomes research Replication studies Methodologic research

12. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Types of Quantitative Research with Different Purposes (cont’d) 3.Studies that are usually nonexperimental: Survey research Needs assessments Secondary analysis Meta-analysis Delphi surveys

13. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Clinical Trials Studies that develop and test the effectiveness of clinical interventions

14. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Phases of a Full Clinical Trial Phase I: finalizes the treatment (e.g., to determine things like drug dose and safety) Phase II: seeks preliminary evidence of effectiveness Phase III: fully tests the treatment (randomized clinical trial or RCT) Phase IV: focuses on long-term consequences of the treatment

15. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Key Issues, Activities, and Products of Phase I Developmental Work for Nursing Interventions

16. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Evaluation Research Examines how well a specific program, practice, procedure, or policy is working Types of evaluation: Process (implementation) analysis Outcome analysis Impact analysis Cost analysis

17. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Intervention Research Research with a distinctive process of planning and testing interventions. Steps include: 1.Project planning; development of an intervention theory 2.An intervention design, flowing from the theory 3.Implementation of a data collection system 4.Testing the intervention, in progressive stages 5.Dissemination of the results and intervention

18. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Outcomes Research Documents the quality and effectiveness of health care and nursing services Framework for outcomes research: Structure of care (organizational features) Nursing processes (aspects of clinical decision making and interventions) Patient characteristics Clinical outcomes

19. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Survey Research Obtains information about the prevalence, distribution, and interrelations of variables within a population Modes of administration: –Personal (face-to-face) interviews –Telephone interviews –Self-administered questionnaires –Internet surveys

20. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Secondary Analysis Studies using previously gathered data to test new hypotheses Alternative strategies: –Examine relationships not previously analyzed –Focus on a subgroup within the data set (e.g., males only) –Change the unit of analysis

21. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Needs Assessments Studies to estimate the needs of a group, community, or organization Needs assessment approaches: –Key informant approach –Survey approach –Indicators approach

22. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Delphi Surveys A tool for planning and short-term forecasting. Procedures include: Distributing questionnaires to an expert panel Tabulating responses and distributing results back to the panel Completing follow-up rounds of surveys (typically 3 or more rounds to achieve consensus)

23. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Replication Studies Studies to determine if findings from an original study can be duplicated in another independent study Types of replication: –Identical replication –Virtual replication –Systematic extension replication

24. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Methodologic Research Investigations of the ways of obtaining, organizing, and analyzing data Examples: –Developing and evaluating a new data collection instrument –Testing the effectiveness of stipends in facilitating recruitment