1. Why International Organizations? Standard setting International uniformity Accumulation of capital for large projects Allocation of scarce world resources

2. Themes to look for... Tension between national autonomy and the push for consensus and uniformity Temptation to politicize the body Tension between the haves and have nots and the growing emphasis on development issues Changes in structure and approach to accommodate technological and political changes

3. Operational Issues... Voting methods: –ITU—one nation/one vote –EU—proportional Funding methods: –ITU—sliding scale based on GNP

4. ITU Purpose... To maintain and extend international cooperation between all Members of the Union for the improvement and rational use of telecommunications of all kinds, as well as to promote and to offer technical assistance to developing nations in the field of telecommunications; to promote the use of technical facilities and their most efficient operation with a view to improving the efficiency of telecommunications services, increasing their usefulness and making them, so far as possible, generally available to the public, to harmonize the actions of nations in the attainment of those ends.

5. Themes in ITU History Embrace of new technologies Steps to increase and expand membership Modification of organizational structure to accommodate change Increasing involvement of the private sector

6. ITU Functions Standard setting –De jure versus de facto standards Allocation of frequencies and orbital slots –A priori or first-come-first-served Assistance to lesser developed nations

7. Steps toward ITU creation 1865 Paris: formation of International Telegraph Union; draft of convention and regulations 1868 Vienna: formation of Berne Bureau 1925 Paris: addition of telephony through International Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT); creation of Consultative Committee for Telegraph (CCIF) 1932 Madrid: merger of telegraph and telephony with radio at joint meeting with Radiotelegraph Conference (CCIR created); formed new organization called International Telecommunications Union 1947 Atlantic City: Became agency of UN

8. Significant Developments since 1947 1965 Montreux: LDC suggested creation of special development assistance fund and new committee for development work (not done); IFRB reduced to 5 1973 Malaga-Torremolinos: development fund established; regulations moved from convention to recommendations so US could sign convention 1982 Nairobi: Maitland Commission formed: CCITT and CCI directors to be chosen by entire ITU membership 1988 Melbourne: rights of members to pursue competition; accelerated standard setting procedures adopted for CCITT 1989 Nice: Telecommunications Development Bureau formed; HLC formed to study restructuring 1992 Geneva: special meeting regarding reform

9. Reform of the ITU Improve efficiency and effectiveness Enhance the role of non-governmental entities and organizations Establish the ITU as a forum for dealing with matters of telecommunications policy and regulation

10. Reform Efforts 1994 Kyoto: resolution to create the ITU World Telecommunication Policy Forum –1996: Global Mobile Personal Communications by Satellite –1998: Trade in Services –2001: IP Telephony 1998 Minneapolis: implemented reforms proposed by the ITU-2000 working group

11. Minneapolis meeting... Sector members bill of rights Associate category added Liaison representatives invited to participate Adoption of recommendations by study group Created Working Group on Reform –Reform Advisory Panel

12. Strategic Plan for the Union Improve Radiocommunication sector functions; continue to develop WTPF Promote global connectivity Coordinate action to manage scarce telecom resources Assist developing nations Improve efficiency and effectiveness of the ITU

13. Currently 191 member nations –Full blown membership—at the country level—treaty status 564 sector members –Recognized Operating Agencies (ROA), Scientific or Industrial Organizations (SIO), regional organizations, financial or development institutions, UN agencies, etc. –Able to participate in a specific sector 133 associates –Work in a specific study group

14. Organizational structure Plenipotentiary Conference Radio-communication Bureau Telecom Standardization Bureau Telecom Development Bureau Administrative Council General Secretariat

15. Current Structure Plenipotentiary Conference—all members every 4 years—latest one in Turkey in 2006, next one in 2010 in Mexico Administrative Council—46 ITU members elected by the Plenipotentiary –Considers broad issues, controls financial operations, oversees efficient work coordination General Secretariat Three major sectors

16. Council Region A (Americas): 8 seats –Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, US, Venezuela Region B (Western Europe): 8 seats –France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey Region C (Eastern Europe): 5 seats –Bulgaria, Czech Rep, Romania, Russian Federation, Ukraine Region D (Africa): 13 seats –Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia Region E (Asia & Australasia): 12 seats –Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea (Republic of), Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, United Arab Emirates

17. Current Elected Officials General Secretariat (both newly elected 2007-10) –Secretary-General (Hamadoun Toure of Mali) Former director of Telecom Development –Deputy (Houlin Zhao of China) Former director of Telecom Standardization Three Bureaus –Director, Radiocommunication (Valery Timofeev, Russian Federation) --re-elected –Director, Telecom Standardization (Malcolm Johnson of UK) – newly elected –Director, Telecom Development (Sami Al-Basheer of Saudi Arabia) -- newly elected

18. Each Sector has... A bureau A director An advisory group Study groups

19. ITU Sectors Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R): combines work of old IFRB and some of CCIR; 12 member regulation board, World Radio Conferences every 2-3 years; regional conferences; Radiocommunication assembly and study groups Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T): work of former CCITT and some of CCIR; World Telecommunication Standardization Assemblies every 4 years Development Sector (ITU-D): work of Bureau for Telecom Development

20. Operating procedures One nation, one vote –Bloc voting possible –Explanation for emphasis on LDC issues Funding based on unit classes of payment –From 40 full units to 1/16 th unit (based on financial situation of the country)

21. Staffing 822 ITU staff members 80 nationalities Geneva Headquarters and 11 field offices

22. Budget 2008-2009 budget is CHF 322,603,000 ($277,456,734) –Full unit for member states is CHF 318,000 ($273,633) –Full Unit for Sector members is CHF 63,600 ($54,727) –Associate unit is CHF 10,600 ($9,121) for ITU-R and ITU-T); CHF 3,975 ($3,419) for ITU-D or CHF 1,987.50 ($1,710) for associate from LDC

23. Challenges to the ITU Coordination with other standards bodies Balancing of national sovereignty with international standards and recommendations Adjustment to new players Adjustment to new emphasis on trade rather than public utility approach Balancing interests of developed and lesser developed nations

24. New Initiatives Program Licensing 3G Broadband Fixed-Mobile Interconnection ENUM (Internet Engineering Task Force’s Telephone Number Mapping Working Group (map telephone number to Unique Resource Identifier)

25. Assistance to LDCs Infrastructure development Human resources development Policies and strategies Partnership with industry

26. Gender Issues Gender Equality through Telecommunications Initiative