1. A STUDY USING PHOTO METHOD TO EVALUATE RECREATIONAL CARRYING CAPACITY IN PENGHU ISLANDS, TAIWAN Shyi-Liang Yu Shyi-Liang Yu Department of Leisure Management, National Penghu Institute of Technology Department of Leisure Management, National Penghu Institute of Technology

2. Introduction (1) Ecotourism promote local economy (1) Ecotourism promote local economy (2) Ecotourism offers an opportunity for environmental learning (2) Ecotourism offers an opportunity for environmental learning (3) Ecotourism operations use education- based management strategies (3) Ecotourism operations use education- based management strategies

3. References 1. Ecotourism has been used as a mean of conserving wildlife and habitat (Burger & Gochfeld, 1993). 2. In local communities, increases in tourists primarily affect economy, environment, society, and culture. Other possible impacts are transmission of diseases and accidents caused from tourism (Lea, 1993; Wilson, 1995). 3. Ecotourism has potential negative impacts on the environment because of abuses and mismanaged activities; better planning and regulation can prevent such impacts (Blangy & Nielsen, 1993; Orams, 1995).

4. Ecotourism (Hetzer,1965 Miller,1993) 一、 minimum environmental impacts 二、 minimum cultural impacts 三、 maximum economic benefits to host country 四、 maximum recreation satisfaction

5. Ross & Wall(1999) local community ecotourismecotourism natural resources sustainable use of resources support environmental conservation cultural learning tax economical benefits education and recreational opportunity

6. Carrying Capacity (Shelby and Heberlein, 1984) 1. ecological capacity 2. physical capacity 3. facility capacity 4. social capacity

7. Objectives 1. defining indicators and standards of recreational carrying capacity of Chipei and Bird islands in Penghu 2. compare recreational carrying capacity between Chipei and Bird islands in Penghu

9. Study Site Chipei island is one of the most popular recreational area and Bird island is a traditional fishing village totalarea(km 2 ) population Chipei island ： 3.0508 1537 Bird island ： 0.2653 1230

10. Methods 1. Data were collected from a systematic self-administered questionnaire. 2. The questionnaire contained 38 items divided into three categories (Chipei island information, Bird island information and demographic data). 3. The Chipei and Bird islands information each contained 15 photo items about the preference of recreational sites, environments, and culture activities. 4. The last section, demographic data, consisted of 8 items about the interviewer information.

11. Recreational carrying capacity (1) visitor variable = visitors x averaged stay divided by resident population x 365; (1) visitor variable = visitors x averaged stay divided by resident population x 365; (2) economical variable = visitor spending divided by resident population; (2) economical variable = visitor spending divided by resident population; (3) facility variable = number of hotel rooms per square kilometer; (3) facility variable = number of hotel rooms per square kilometer; (4) social variable = A set of 15 photographs was developed for each island to evaluate based on a 5 point Likert Scale (4) social variable = A set of 15 photographs was developed for each island to evaluate based on a 5 point Likert Scale (5)The formula: [(1+2+3)×4]1/2 was constructed and derived from the four variables to calculate the index of recreational carrying capacity (5)The formula: [(1+2+3)×4]1/2 was constructed and derived from the four variables to calculate the index of recreational carrying capacity

12. Results 1. Of the 227 respondents, 118 participants (52%) were females and 109 participants (48%) were males. 1. Of the 227 respondents, 118 participants (52%) were females and 109 participants (48%) were males. 2. Forty percent of participants were employed in the private industry, 20% in the public industry, 12.0% were housekeepers, and 28% were students or retired. 2. Forty percent of participants were employed in the private industry, 20% in the public industry, 12.0% were housekeepers, and 28% were students or retired. 3. Of the respondents, 8% aged between 10 to 19, 51% aged between 20 to 29, 20% aged 30 to 39, 11% aged 40 to 49, 9 % aged 50 to 59 and 1% aged over 60. 3. Of the respondents, 8% aged between 10 to 19, 51% aged between 20 to 29, 20% aged 30 to 39, 11% aged 40 to 49, 9 % aged 50 to 59 and 1% aged over 60.

13. Chipei island Bird island 照片 10 ( 海岸 1) 4.33 照片 10( 海岸 1) 3.87 照片 3 ( 海岸 2) 3.72 照片 14 ( 海岸 2) 3.67

14. 照片 11( 海岸 3) 2.57 照片 9( 海岸 3) 3.26 Chipei island Bird island 照片 4( 海岸 4) 2.04 照片 4( 海岸 4) 3.55

15. Chipei island Bird island 照片 12 ( 海岸 5) 2.04 照片 8 ( 海岸 5) 2.19 人文環境照片 人文環境照片 照片 13( 人文 1) 3.79 照片 5( 人文 1) 3.62

16. 照片 5 ( 人文 2) 3.37 照片 7 ( 人文 2) 3.09 Chipei island Bird island 照片 8( 人文 3) 3.85 照片 3 ( 人文 3) 3.24

17. 照片 14( 人文 4) 3.11 照片 2( 人文 4) 3.88 Chipei island Bird island 照片 1( 人文 5) 2.51 照片 6( 人文 5) 3.77

18. Chipei island Bird island 遊憩環境照片 遊憩環境照片 照片 6 ( 遊憩 1) 3.72 照片 13( 遊憩 1) 4.06 照片 7( 遊憩 2) 3.48 照片 1( 遊憩 2) 3.74

19. Chipei island Bird island 照片 15( 遊憩 3) 3.25 照片 12 遊憩 3 3.33 照片 9( 遊憩 4) 2.92 照片 15( 遊憩 4) 3.34

20. 照片 2( 遊憩 5) 2.54 照片 11( 遊憩 5) 2.93 Chipei island Bird island social variable ： 3.03 social variable ： 3.44

21. Procedure 1) visitor variable ： = visitors x averaged stay divided by resident population x 365 1) visitor variable ： = visitors x averaged stay divided by resident population x 365 Chipei island:573,321 persons × 0.75 day/1,537 persons ＝ 279.76 Chipei island:573,321 persons × 0.75 day/1,537 persons ＝ 279.76 Bird island:52,400 persons × 0.25 day/1,230 persons ＝ 10.65 Bird island:52,400 persons × 0.25 day/1,230 persons ＝ 10.65 (2) economical variable = visitor spending divided by resident population (2) economical variable = visitor spending divided by resident population Chipei island:(1,843NT × 0.75day)×573,321persons/1,537 ＝ 515,597.24 Chipei island:(1,843NT × 0.75day)×573,321persons/1,537 ＝ 515,597.24 Bird island:(1,200NT × 0.25day) × 52,400persons/1,230persons ＝ 12,780.49 Bird island:(1,200NT × 0.25day) × 52,400persons/1,230persons ＝ 12,780.49

22. (3) facility variable = number of hotel rooms per square kilometer (3) facility variable = number of hotel rooms per square kilometer chipei island:286 rooms/3.0508 km 2 ＝ 93.75 chipei island:286 rooms/3.0508 km 2 ＝ 93.75 bird island: 12 rooms/0.2653 km 2 ＝ 45.23 bird island: 12 rooms/0.2653 km 2 ＝ 45.23 (4) social variable = A set of 15 photographs was developed for each island to evaluate based on a 5 point Likert Scale (4) social variable = A set of 15 photographs was developed for each island to evaluate based on a 5 point Likert Scale Chipei island: 3.03 Bird island: 3.44 Chipei island: 3.03 Bird island: 3.44 formula ：【（ 1+2+3 ） ×4 】 1/2 formula ：【（ 1+2+3 ） ×4 】 1/2 Recreational carrying capacity ： Recreational carrying capacity ： Chipei island 【（ 279.76+515,597.24+93.75 ） ×3.03 】 1/2 Chipei island 【（ 279.76+515,597.24+93.75 ） ×3.03 】 1/2 Bird island 【（ 10.65+12,780.49+45.23 ） ×3.44 】 1/2 Bird island 【（ 10.65+12,780.49+45.23 ） ×3.44 】 1/2 Chipei island: 1250.36 Bird island: 210.14 Chipei island: 1250.36 Bird island: 210.14

23. Summary 1. The study showed that the recreational carrying capacity of Chipei island was 1250 persons and Bird island was 210 persons. They are on the tourism score of B and can be developed to tourism sites for nationals. 1. The study showed that the recreational carrying capacity of Chipei island was 1250 persons and Bird island was 210 persons. They are on the tourism score of B and can be developed to tourism sites for nationals. 2. The Chipei island is a favorite site for tourists to visit in summer time. The island is characterized by crowding, short average visitor stays on, and lost natural amenities. The Bird island is a natural area without any artificial attractions, increase in repeat visitation and visitor satisfaction. 2. The Chipei island is a favorite site for tourists to visit in summer time. The island is characterized by crowding, short average visitor stays on, and lost natural amenities. The Bird island is a natural area without any artificial attractions, increase in repeat visitation and visitor satisfaction.

24. 3. A monitoring program will be designed and implemented to ensure that standards of quality are not violated and that the level of visitor use remains within the island’s carrying capacity. 4. Management strategies are being initiated to help ensure that standards of quality will be improved on Chipei island.