1. Ecology & Environmental Problems Dr. Ron Chesser Spring 2004 Water Reading: Chapter 20

2. Where is the Water? Oceans: ~97% Ice Caps and glaciers: ~2% Ground Water: ~0.3% Lakes Atmosphere Rivers, Streams,

4. How much water do we use?

5. Water Usage in the USA

6. USA water use… USA uses 338 Billion Gallons of Water per day (1.3 trillion liters) 1,400 gallons/person USA uses almost 2x the average European Country –41% Agriculture –38% power plants –11% industry –10% general public

7. Gallons of Water to Produce… 1 egg: 40 gallons 1 glass of milk: 100 gallons 1 pound of flour: 75 gallons 1 pound of rice: 560 gallons 1 pound of beef: 800 gallons 1 Sunday paper: 280 gallons 1 pound of Aluminum: 1,000 gallons 1 car: 100,000 gallons

8. Water Use: Family of Four / day Toilet flushing: 100 gallons Shower/bath: 80 gallons Laundry: 35 gallons Dishwashing: 15 gallons Bathroom sink: 5 gallons Lawn: 100 gallons TOTAL: ~335 gallons/day

9. Water Consumption Consumed Water --- withdrawn but not returned to its source Lost to the local water cycle About 25% of all water withdrawn in the USA is consumed. Industry is the major withdrawer of water, but Agriculture is the major (80%) consumer of water in the USA

10. Water Conservation Flush less: “If its yellow, let it mellow. If its brown, flush it down.” Low flush toilets Sprinkler regulations Make water expensive Build more dams

11. Dams Inhibit flooding Provide Irrigation Provide recreation Enable hydroelectric Drinking water Disrupt sediment flow Loss of land resources Increase salination Alters water chemistry Alters fish migration Alters fish ecology

12. Irrigation Almost 60 percent of all the world's fresh water withdrawals go towards irrigation uses. Only 37% of water Used in irrigation Is taken up by the plant. Since 1955 the amount Of irrigated land has Tripled.

13. Water Levels in Texas Ground water use: –By 2020 volume will be reduced to 37% of 1979 supply level –By 2010 output will be reduced by 8.1% from 1970’s What to do? 1.Use it all now… 2.Try to conserve… 3.Return to dry land farming…

14. Ogallalah and Floridan Aquifers

15. Edwards Aquifer

17. Ogallala Aquifer Facts Covers 11% of state of Texas 3.3 Billion Acre feet Would fill 100% of Lake Huron plums 20% of Lake Ontario Cover all 50 states with about 6” of water Require about 6,000 years to refill 170,000 wells (50,000 in NW Texas) 90% Irrigation use (3 – 900 feet thick) Plan (T. Boone Pickens) to sell groundwater from Panhandle to San Antonio, Dallas and El Paso

20. Surface and Ground Water

21. Growing Use Patterns

22. Ground Water Uses in the USA

25. Where is water?

26. Ground Water

29. Industrial Water Use 5 Companies use 90% of water Chemical Production Paper and Pulp Production Petroleum & Coal (Thermoelectric) Primary metals production Food Processing

30. Thermoelectric Power

31. Water for Thermoelectric Power

33. Why the Decrease?

34. Too Much Water In the United States, the average annual cost of flood damage is more than $2 billion. Each year about 100 people lose their lives to floods.