1. Chapter 11 Major Minerals and Bone Health

2. review How does the brain sense that you are dehydrated, and what are some ways it corrects for this? Tell your neighbor one cool fact you learned about water. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

3. Minerals in the Body Minerals are elements needed by the body in small amounts for health and maintenance. Major minerals are needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 mg per day or are present in the body in amounts greater than 0.01% of body weight. Trace minerals are required in the diet in amounts less than 100 mg per day or are present in the body in amounts less than 0.01% of body weight.

4. Minerals Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

5. Minerals in the Diet

6. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Mineral Talk To maintain health, minerals must be consumed in the correct proportions. Minerals are available in unprocessed foods, some processed foods and dietary supplements. Processing can cause mineral loss ie) when the bran of a grain is removed. Some minerals are added during processing of a food (ie, sodium to foods, or iodine to milk). Bioavailability  phytates, oxalates, and tannins can limit the body’s ability to absorb calcium, zinc and iron.  minerals can compete with each other for absorption.

7. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The following minerals all compete with each other for absorption except? calcium sodium copper zinc

8. Minerals as Cofactors Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1. Mineral cofactor combines with incomplete enzyme to form active enzyme. 2. Enzymes binds two molecules of a chemical reaction and accelerates their transformation into final products 3. Final products released while enzyme remains unchanged

9. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The most abundant mineral in the body is_____. a)calcium. b)sodium c)potassium. d)water

10. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Calcium Talk Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. Calcium accounts for 1–2% of adult body weight. Calcium provides the structure to bones and teeth and has important regulatory roles. Calcium is absorbed by passive diffusion (especially when levels are high) and active transport, depending on the availability of the active form of vitamin D. Calcium absorption is higher if your needs are higher (infants absorb 60% of Calcium, young adults absorb 25%, estrogen increases calcium absorption in pregnancy 25%). Bioavailability of calcium is decreased in the presence of tannins, fiber (small), phytates (significant ) and oxalates.

11. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The recommended intake of calcium for adults is: a) 600-800 mg/d b)800-1000 mg/d c)1000-1200 mg/d d)1200-1400 mg/d

12. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Calcium in the Diet

13. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Calcium’s Role in the Body 99% of calcium in the body is found in solid mineral deposits in the bones and teeth. The remaining 1% is found in intracellular fluid, blood and extracellular fluid. Calcium found in the body’s fluid plays a role in nerve transmission, muscle contractions, blood pressure regulation and the release of hormones.

14. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Which statement about vitamin D is correct? a) Vitamin D induces the synthesis of proteins needed for the active transport of calcium across the intestine. b) Vitamin D induces the synthesis of proteins needed for the passive transport of calcium across the intestine. c) Vitamin D is most necessary when calcium intake is high. d)Adequate consumption of vitamin D increases the absorption of calcium to 50%.

15. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Regulation of Blood Calcium

16. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The level of calcium in the blood is maintained within a narrow limit by two hormones. __________ raises blood calcium and ___________ lowers blood calcium levels. calcitonin; aldosterone calcitonin; parathyroid hormone parathyroid hormone; calcitonin thyroid stimulating hormone; calcitonin

17. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Calcium and Bone Health

18. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The mineral portion of bone is composed of calcium associated with phsophorus known as hydroxy appetite crystals

19. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The hard compact layer found on the surface of bones is called ________ bone cortical enameled extrinsic trabecular

20. Gender and Bone Mass Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

21. At around age 35 a) bone formation exceeds bone breakdown. b) bone formation is equal to bone breakdown. c) bone breakdown exceeds bone formation. d)the skeleton is weak and fractures easily

22. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Loss of bone mass and increased risk of fractures associated with aging is termed osteofissure osteomalacia osteoporosis osteopropensia

23. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Osteoporosis Risk

24. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

25. Smoking and Bone Health smoking impedes the hormone calcitonin *1 Nicotine and free radicals kill osteoblasts*2 Nicotine is a major alkaloid of tobacco, which can increase free radical formation, leading to osteoporosis *3 Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

26. The risk of osteoporosis is decreased by all of the following weight bearing exercise low body weight increased muscle mass high body weight and fat

27. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The group with the highest bone density is: African Americans Non-Hispanic whites Hispanics Asians Genetic factors account for as much as 70 % of the variation in bone density and osteoporosis risk.

28. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Which of the following is a reason why women are at increased risk of osteoporosis? Women achieve a lower peak bone mass than men. Bone breakdown is accelerated for a few years post-menopause. Calcium absorption declines for a few years post-menopause. The changes in hormones that accompany menopause affect appetite for calcium containing foods.

29. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Phosphorus in the Diet

30. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Phosphorus Talk Phosphorus makes up about 1% of an adult’s body. 85% of phosphorus in the body is found in the bones and teeth. Phosphorus is an important component of molecules with structural or regulatory roles. Phosphorus is more readily absorbed than calcium. Phosphorus is not as strictly controlled as calcium but is still kept in ratios allowing for bone mineralization (both Vit D and PTH influence it) Phosphorus deficiency can lead to bone loss, weakness and loss of appetite. Phosphorus toxicity is rare, but can lead to bone resorption.

31. Phosphorus in Soda Soft drinks have long been suspected of leading to lower calcium levels and higher phosphate levels in the blood. When phosphate levels are high and calcium levels are low, calcium is pulled out of the bones. The phosphate content of soft drinks like Coca -Cola and Pepsi is very high, and they contain virtually no calcium.“ The United States ranks first among countries for soft drink consumption with a per capita consumption of approximately 15 ounces a day Michael Murray ND and Joseph Pizzorno ND Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine, Revised Second Edition Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

32. Phosphorous is essential for energy production since it is part of: a)ATP b)NADH c)FADH 2 d)DNA

33. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Magnesium Talk About 50-60% of magnesium in the body is found in bone, where it is essential for the maintenance of structure. both Vit D and PTH influence it Most of the remaining magnesium is present inside cells, where it is the second most abundant intracellular ion, after potassium. Magnesium is a cofactor for over 300 enzymes. It is necessary for the generation of energy from carbohydrate, lipid and protein. Magnesium deficiency is rare. When it does occur, especially in individuals with alcoholism, malnutrition, kidney and GI disease or in people taking diuretics, it may cause nausea, muscle weakness and cramping, mental derangement and changes in blood pressure and heartbeat. Magnesium toxicity is rare.

34. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Magnesium in the Diet

35. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Most of the magnesium in the body is in: a)the bone b)the blood c)intracellular fluid d)extracellular fluid

36. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sulfur Talk Dietary sulfur is found in protein foods and sulfur- containing amino acids in vitamins. Dietary sulfur is also found in nonfood additives, such as sulfur dioxide, sodium sulfite and sodium bisulfite. Sulfur-containing amino acids, such as methionine and cysteine, are needed for protein synthesis. The vitamins thiamin and biotin contain sulfur. There is no recommended daily intake for sulfur.

37. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. In the body, sulfur plays an important part in the structure of a)adipose tissue b)bones and teeth c)enzymes d)some amino acids and vitamins

38. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Summary of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Sulfur

39. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Which of the following statements regarding calcium is true? a) Calcium is better absorbed from breast milk than from infant formulas. b) Diets high in phytates increase calcium absorption. c) Pregnant women need more calcium in their diet in order to supply the needs of the growing fetus. d)Women who breast feed need more calcium.

40. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 11 Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.