1. Human Anatomy and Physiology

2. Blood Facts The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight. This red liquid is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy. There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell. http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html

3. Composition of Blood a connective tissue carries all substances that must travel throughout the body –nutrients –waste –hormones –electrolytes –antibodies

4. What makes up our blood? PLASMA – The yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection. RED BLOOD CELLS (erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (leukocytes) – They are part of the immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens. PLATELETS (thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

5. Blood is composed of cells called formed elements and liquid called plasma. –The formed elements are erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets. –The plasma is composed of a high amount of water and all components that would be dissolved in blood. The components are separated when spun in a centrifuge. The heavier more dense red blood cells accumulate at the bottom and the yellowish liquid (plasma) float at the top. In between these two layers lie the white blood cells.

6. Blood Plasma This fluid is about 90% water and contains over 100 different chemicals. Aside from nutrients, waste, and electrolytes, plasma also holds three important proteins: Albumin- prevents water from diffusing out into the tissue Globulin- antibodies and proteins that carry lipids, iron, and copper Fibrinogen- this is involved in forming blood clots.

7. Formed elements Erythrocytes and platelets are not considered true cells because these components do not undergo mitosis. White blood cells are true cells because they have all organelles and they can multiply in the blood stream

8. –The specialty of these cells is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. –collect oxygen at the lungs and deliver it to the tissues then carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs. –shaped like a disc with a depressed center. – most numerous component of formed elements. Erythrocytes

9. originate in bone marrow and as they mature they expel their organelles before entering the blood stream. contain no nucleus or organelles, instead they are packed with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a combination of proteins and iron molecules. Hemoglobin binds to the oxygen. Erythrocytes

10. Leukocytes fight disease travel through the blood to a body region that is infected, exit the blood stream, and enter the site of infection During times of infections the amount WBC increases, thus a higher WBC count indicates infection. true cells containing organelles ability to divide These cells also originate in the bone marrow and once matured entered the blood stream.

12. Granulocytes These are called neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Larger than RBCs Short lived All granulocytes are phagocytic Neutrophil Eosinophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Basophil

13. Neutrophil Most common, makes up 60% of WBC count. contain vesicles filled with digestive enzymes specifically designed to destroy the cell walls of bacteria first line of defense of an inflammatory response destroy the bacteria by phagocytosis or by releasing chemical substances. These chemicals can even cause damage to the surrounding tissues. Pus is a collection of dead neutrophils, WBCs, and bacterial debris.

14. Eosinophils account for 1-4% of WBC count involved in ending allergic reactions by degrading histamine and parasitic infections by exposing the parasite to digestive enzymes

15. Basophils Most rare of all types, makes up 0.5% of WBC count. release histamine and other chemicals that signal inflammation. present in the later stages of infection

16. Lymphocyte Monocyte Include lymphocytes and monocytes Cells that do not contain granules of digestive enzymes Agranulocytes

17. Lymphocytes Most important types, makes up about 20- 45% of WBC count. They specialized in attacking specific foreign molecules recognized as an antigen. They produce antibodies or attack a foreign cell directly by destroying it.

18. Lymphocytes The two main types of lymphocytes are B- cells and T-cells. –B-lymphocytes produce antibodies and respond to bacterial cells. –T lymphocytes respond to antigens presented by the membranes of eukaryotic cells. These are the ones responsible for rejection of transplanted tissue. They also destroy self cells that are infected.

20. Monocytes Contain a large nucleus that resembles a kidney. Its cytoplasm may have some granules. These cells travel through the blood stream and transform into macrophages once they enter the tissues

21. Platelets also called thrombocytes. release chemicals that cause blood clots plug tears in the walls of blood vessels to reduce bleeding. secretions may induce more platelets to accumulation, or an inflammatory response, or constriction of blood vessels.

22. Platelets contract pulling the edges of a blood clot closer together in order to assist in healing of torn tissue. If a healthy tissue is roughened by scaring, inflammation, or atherosclerosis, platelets will attach and form a blood clot called a thrombus

25. Hematopoiesis Blood Cell Formation –After birth, about 1,000 billion blood cells are created in the bone marrow per day Bone marrow is the site of hematopoiesis –Red bone marrow generates blood cells –In adults, it is located in the bones of the axial skeleton and in the epiphysis of the humerus and femur. –Newborns have only red bone marrow that is replaced by yellow bone marrow during the ages of 8- 18.

27. Lifespan and production of blood cells Cell type Approximate lifespan Production rate cells/day Production rate cells/sec Production rate Kg/year Red Cells 100 days2 x 10 11 2.3 million7.3 Neutrophils t½ 6 hours3 x 10 10 350,00010.9 Platelets 7 days1 x 10 11 1.2 million4.6 Lymphocytest½ 10 days1 x 10 10 116,0003.7 Annual total 26.5 Kg

29. www.nlm.nih.gov gslc.genetics.utah.edu/.../ABObloodsystem.gif

30. Blood Disorders Erythrocytes- Polycythemia- abnormal excess of RBCs that can be caused by bone marrow cancer. This increases blood viscosity slowing or blocking blood flow. It can be treated by diluting or removing blood. Anemia- abnormally low RBCs or low hemoglobin. May be caused by excessive bleeding, iron deficiency, deficiencies in folic acid or B12 vitamin, excessive destruction of RBCs, or abnormal structure of hemoglobin.

31. Normal RBC Sickle Cell RBC Sickle cell disease - it is an inherited abnormality of the hemoglobin. The RBC are shaped like a crescent and are fragile. They may block blood vessels and causing pain, strokes, or infections. There are several forms of treatment so the person lives into adult hood. 1 in 400 African Americans have sickle cell disease. Blood Disorders Erythrocytes-

32. Blood Disorders Leukocytes Leukemia- this is a form of cancer that causes an increase production of WBCs. There are several forms of leukemia but in all forms immature WBCs enter the blood stream and also take over the bone marrow crowding out the normal WBCs. Infections and hemorrhaging are the causes of death in patients with leukemia. Leukopenia – low WBC count – this is a symptom of AIDS Leukocytosis – high WBC count – accompanies infections

33. Leukemia Normal

34. Blood Disorders Platelets Thrombocytopenia- abnormally low platelet concentration. Diminished clot formation and internal bleeding.

35. How is our blood type determined? Your blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents. You receive one gene from your MOTHER and one from your FATHER. These two genes determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the surface of all of your red blood cells.

36. What are blood types? http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm There are 3 alleles or genes for blood type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes, there are 6 possible combinations. Blood Types AA or AO = Type A BB or BO = Type B OO = Type O AB = Type AB

37. Blood Types Type A blood – type A antigens in red cells; anti- B type antibodies in plasma Type B blood – type B antigens in red cells; anti- A type antibodies in plasma Type AB blood – type A and B antigens in red cells; no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma; therefore type AB is called universal recipient blood Type O blood – no type A or B antigens in red cells; therefore type O is a universal donor; however, there are anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma

38. http://www.lanecountyblood.org/images/other/bloodfacts.jpg 45% 40% 11% 4% How common are the 4 blood types?

39. Rh Factors Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys to learn more about the human anatomy because there are certain similarities between the two species. While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people. Other people, however, do not have the protein. The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor. If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O- http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html

40. How can blood be used as evidence? Blood samples – Can be analyzed to determine BLOOD TYPE and DNA, which can be matched to possible suspects. Blood droplets – Can be analyzed to give clues to the location of a WOUND, movement of a VICTIM, and type of INJURY. Blood spatter – Can be analyzed to determine PATTERNS that give investigators clues to how a crime might have happened.

41. Blood Typing 14. Use the results shown to determine the blood type for each sample. - = No Clumps + = Clump A B Rh Blood Type: ___ To determine a person’s blood type, we add three different serums to blood samples and see if clumps form. Clumps = Positive (+) No Clumps = Negative (-) What would the blood type be for this sample? #13

42. A B Rh Blood Type: ___ A B Rh Blood Type: ___ A B Rh Blood Type: ___ A B Rh Blood Type: ___ A B Rh Blood Type: ___ Blood Typing Use the results shown to determine the blood type for each sample. - = absent + = present

43. Blood Types & Transfusion Possibilities Blood TypeAntigensAntibodiesCan Receive Can Donate To AAanti-BO, AA, AB BBanti-AO, BB, AB ABA,BnoneallAB OO both anti-A and anti-B only Oall