1. Climate, Ice Sheet History, Cryobiology Why do we study ice cores? Ice cores help predict how climate will change in the future. Snow that falls on the ice sheet is buried by subsequent snow and forms the layers of ice that make up the ice sheet. The ice layers contain dissolved chemicals, insoluble dust particles, and atmospheric gases that were present when the snow fell. By drilling down into the ice sheet and recovering ice from ancient times, it is possible to determine the climate conditions when the snow fell. The ice layers contain a record of how the climate changed. This allows us to determine how and why climate changed in the past. By understanding how and why climate changed in the past, we are able to improve predictions of how climate will change in the future. Ice cores also help us understand how the size of the ice sheet has changed in the past in response to different climate conditions, which helps us predict how the ice sheet will respond to future climate changes. Site Selection The location for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core was selected to maximize the time resolution of the climate record during the last 100,000 years. We anticipate that we will recover a record of climate and ice sheet characteristics that extends 100,000 years into the past with annual resolution to 40,000 years. Because the drill site is located on an ice divide (similar to a watershed divide) the core is called the WAIS Divide Core (WDC). The ice is approximately 3,485 m thick at this location. Main Objectives 1.Examine the relationship between the changes in the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases and climate, to improve our understanding of how human induced changes in greenhouse gases have and will alter climate. 2.Examine the relationship between Arctic and Antarctic climate, to determine the role of the polar regions in future climate changes. 3.Examine the possibility that the size of West Antarctic Ice Sheet may decrease, to determine if a rapid rise in sea level might occur. 4.Examine the biology of ancient deep ice, to better understand how life adapts to extreme environments. Schedule 2005/2006: Established field camp and started construction of drill shelter June 2006: Tested the drill and optimized our drilling methods in Greenland 2006/2007: Completed construction of drill shelter and drilled pilot hole 2007/2008: Install the DISC drill and start deep drilling 2008/2009: Second year of deep drilling 2009/2010: Last year of deep drilling, reach the bottom of the ice sheet 2010/2011: Borehole logging and basal sampling 2011/2012: Collection of more ice from depths of special interest Some Examples of Ice Core Data The ice contains gases that are analyzed to determine the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases in the past. Isotopes of the hydrogen and oxygen in the ice are used to determine what the temperatures were at the drill site and the ocean where the water evaporated and entered the atmosphere. Calcium, aluminum, manganese, and the concentration, size, and mineralogy of insoluble dust particles are used to estimate the wind speed and direction when the snow fell. Organizational Participants The National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs funds the project with most of the science funding coming from the Glaciology Program managed by Julie Palais. Some additional science funding is provided by the Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems Program. Logistical support is provided by NSF’s Division of Antarctic Infrastructure and Logistics. Contact: Dr. Julie Palais (jpalais@nsf.gov) Raytheon Polar Services Company is responsible for the field logistics including construction of the field camp and drill shelter, and general camp operations. Contact: Matthew Kippenhan (matthew.kippenhan@usap.gov) Ice Coring and Drilling Services (University of Madison, Wisconsin) designed, built and operates the deep ice coring drilling that will recover the ice core. Contact: Alex Shturmakov (alex.shturmakov@ssec.wisc.edu) The National Ice Core Laboratory (USGS) is responsible for development of the field core handling system, assisting investigators in sampling the ice core, and permanently archiving the ice core in Denver. Contact: Dr. Todd Hinkley (thinkley@usgs.gov) The Science Coordination Office (Desert Research Institute and the University of New Hampshire) coordinates the science aspects of the project. Contact: Dr. Ken Taylor (kendrick@dri.edu) Additional Information For more information, email Kendrick Taylor (kendrick@dri.edu) at the Desert Research Institute, or visit our website at www.waisdivide.unh.edu Light shining through the wall of a snowpit at WAIS Divide highlights the layering in the upper two meters of the ice sheet. The Deep Ice Sheet Coring (DISC) drill is an electromechanical drill designed to cut and retrieve ice cores 122 mm in diameter to depths of 4,000 meters. The DISC Drill utilizes many technologies proven on Russian and European drills, as well as several new innovations. This thin section of ice from an ice core shows the bubbles of gas from the ancient atmosphere that are trapped in the ice. Many gases (both greenhouse and non- greenhouse) will be analyzed in the WDC to study how the chemistry of the atmosphere has changed over the last ~100,000 years. The drill site for the WAIS Divide ice core is at the site labeled WAIS Divide. Locations of other deep ice cores are also indicated (Siple Dome and Byrd). Surface elevations are shown in meters. The blue areas on the ice sheet are ice streams, regions of an ice sheet that move significantly faster than the surrounding ice. The DISC Drill (see above) is housed in the tall arch shown in this photo. Once the ice core is pushed out of the drill barrel it goes into the lower arch where logging, analysis, and packing are performed before transport back to the U.S. Back in the U.S., additional measurements and analyses will be conducted on the ice. When the WAIS Divide ice core is brought back to the U.S. it is stored at the National Ice Core Laboratory (NICL) in Denver, Colorado. Each summer scientists and students meet at NICL and collect data and samples from the ice core for subsequent analysis at their home institutions. Currently Funded Projects ProjectLead PI(s)Affiliation Physical Properties of the WAIS Divide Deep Core (Collaborative Research) Alley, Richard Cuffey, Kurt Pennsylvania State University University of California - Berkeley Gases in Firn Air and Shallow Ice at the Proposed WAIS Divide Drilling Site (Collaborative Research) Battle, Mark Brook, Ed Saltzman, Eric Severinghaus, Jeff Sowers, Todd White, James Bowdoin College Oregon State University University of California - Irvine Scripps Institution of Oceanography Pennsylvania State University University of Colorado at Boulder Constructing an Ultra-High Resolution Atmospheric Methane Record for the Last 140,000 Years from WAIS Divide Ice Core (Collaborative Research) Brook, Ed Sowers, Todd Oregon State University Pennsylvania State University Cosmogenic Radionuclides in the WAIS Divide Ice CoreCaffee, Marc Welten, Kees Purdue Univesity University of California - Berkeley Major Ion Chemistry of WAIS Divide Ice CoreCole-Dai, JihongSouth Dakota State University Stable Isotopes of Ice in the WAIS Divide Deep Ice Core (Collaborative Research) Cuffey, Kurt Steig Eric White, James University of California - Berkeley University of Washington University of Colorado at Boulder Microparticle/Tephra Analysis of the WAIS Divide Ice Core (Collaborative Research) Dunbar, Nelia Kreutz, Karl New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology University of Maine Atmospheric, Snow and Firn Chemistry Studies for Interpretation of WAIS Divide CoresFrey, MarkusUniversity of California - Merced Trace and Ultra-Trace Chemistry Measurements of the WAIS Divide Ice CoreMcConnell, JoeDesert Research Institute Optical Imaging Support for the National Ice Core LaboratoryMcGwire, KennethDesert Research Institute Climatology, Volcanism, and Microbial Life in Ice with Downhole LoggersPrice, BufordUniversity of California - Berkeley Paleo Records of Biotic and Abiotic Particles in Polar Ice CoresPriscu, JohnMontana State University Detection of Crystal Orientation Fabrics near the Ross/Amundsen Sea Ice-flow Divide and at the Siple Dome Ice Core Site using Polarimetric Radar Methods Raymond, CharlesUniversity of Washington Glaciological Characteristics of the Ross/Amundsen Sea Ice-flow Divide Deduced by a New Analysis of Ice-penetrating Radar DataRaymond, CharlesUniversity of Washington Nitrogen and Oxygen Gas Isotopes in the WAIS Divide Ice Core as Constraints on Chronology, Temperature, and Accumulation RateSeveringhaus, JeffScripps Institution of Oceanography Multiple-isotope Analysis of Nitrate and Sulfate in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide Ice Core (Collaborative Research) Steig, Eric Thiemens, Mark University of Washington University of California - San Diego Investigation of Climate, Ice Dynamics and Biology using a Deep Ice Core from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Ice DivideTaylor, KendrickDesert Research Institute Investigation of the Stratigraphy and Timescale of the WAIS Divide Ice Core Using Electrical MethodsTaylor, KendrickDesert Research Institute Histories of Accumulation, Thickness and WAIS Divide Location from Radar Layers using a New Inverse ApproachWaddington, EdUniversity of Washington Spatial Variability in Firn Properties from Borehole Optical Stratigraphy at the Inland WAIS Core SiteWaddington, EdUniversity of Washington