1. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 14 Alternatives: Community Corrections Chapter 14 Alternatives: Community Corrections

2. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Increase in Probationers and Parolees, 1960-1997 C14-S1 Figure 14.1 Source: Adapted from Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 1997. p. 464. 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Probation Parole Year

3. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Probation versus Parole C14-S2 Table 14.1 ProbationParole A convict is sentenced to a period ofA prisoner is released from prison and probation in lieu of prison.placed on parole. Probation is a front-end measure.Parole is a tail-end measure. The court imposes the sentence ofA parole board grants release on probation.parole. The court retains jurisdiction.A parole board retains jurisdiction. A probation officer is an officer ofA parole officer is a state officer the court and is employed by aemployed by the state government. county or district government. Probation is an alternative sentenceOriginally serious offenders earn parole for less serious cases.through good conduct in prison. Eligibility depends on a favorableEligibility depends on successful service PSI report.of a specific part of the prison sentence. ProbationParole A convict is sentenced to a period ofA prisoner is released from prison and probation in lieu of prison.placed on parole. Probation is a front-end measure.Parole is a tail-end measure. The court imposes the sentence ofA parole board grants release on probation.parole. The court retains jurisdiction.A parole board retains jurisdiction. A probation officer is an officer ofA parole officer is a state officer the court and is employed by aemployed by the state government. county or district government. Probation is an alternative sentenceOriginally serious offenders earn parole for less serious cases.through good conduct in prison. Eligibility depends on a favorableEligibility depends on successful service PSI report.of a specific part of the prison sentence.

4. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Significant Developments in Parole C14-S3 Table 14.2 YearEvents 1840Alexander Maconochie devises mark system for release of prisoners in Australian penal colony, a forerunner of parole. 1853Sir Walter Crofton in Ireland establishes system under which prisoners can earn conditional freedom. 1869New York State legislature passes enabling legislation and establishes indeterminate sentencing. 1870American Prison Association endorses expanded use of parole. 1876Parole release adopted at Elmira Reformatory, New York. 1931Wickersham Commission criticizes laxity in use of early parole. 1944Last state passes enabling legislation for parole. 1980sParole comes under attack as inconsistent with just-deserts model of sanctions. Twenty-nine states and the federal government abolish parole altogether or modify it severely by guidelines. 1993Abolition and modifications have not created a decline in the number of parolees.

5. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Inmate Perceptions of the Difficulty of Probation Conditions C14-S4 Figure 14.3 Source: Joan Petersilia and Elizabeth Piper Deschenes, “What Punishes? Inmates Rank the Severity of Prison versus Intermediate Sanctions,” In Joan Petersilia, ed., Community Corrections: Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 149-159. 20 hours/week employment Pay $100 fine 10 hours/week community service 1 unannounced alcohol test/week; no positives House arrest with 10 P.M. curfew 1 unannounced drug test/week; no positives Make 1-2 visits/week to probation office 1-2 unannounced home visits/week by prob. officer Attend weekly outpatient alcohol/drug program Pay victim restitution Pay $500 fine Pay $20/week supervision fee House arrest with 24 hr. electronic monitoring Overall rating 1 Not difficult (90% chance I could do it) 2 Relatively easy (75% chance I could do it) 3 About 50/50 chance I could do it 4 Somewhat difficult (25% chance I could do it) 5 Very difficult (10% chance I could do it)