1. DUELING SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS Quarantine and Market Access Conference 2003 Dennis Hannapel APHIS Area Director-Oceania US Embassy Canberra, Australia

2. Dueling Science?

3. Who is a Stakeholder?

4. Stakeholder Tactics Risk Assessment or Analysis Scientific Publications Data Public Awareness Campaigns Political Intervention

5. Risk Assessments Used by government regulatory bodies Resource intensive Technically accurate? (pest lists) Legally and politically correct Loss of emphasis Critiqued by industry and the public

6. Scientific Publications Peer-reviewed, published in reputable journal Abstract-Introduction-Materials and Methods-Results and Discussions- Conclusion Scientific Duel Specific Conclusions Prove a “ Negative ”

7. Data Counting and recording events Trap results, field surveys, pest interceptions, & diseased animals Non-scientific? Rarely stands alone

8. Public Awareness Campaigns Propaganda Industry driven-market competition Selective information Media coverage and emotional

9. Political Intervention Does exist! Politicians sensitive to constituents Non-scientific reality

10. EXAMPLES

11. New Zealand Apples

12. New Zealand Apples into Australia Fire blight transmitted on mature, commercially produced apples? IRA still pending US and Japan-WTO dispute resolution Public perception of fire blight Outcome?

14. Stakeholder Influences IRA-intensely scrutinized by the public and industry, and RAP continues Scientific Publications Ample materials-dueling Specific conclusions-Japan/US study WTO decision

15. Influences (continued) Data – Not much Negative field surveys Never been introduced on apples Public awareness Campaigns No risk is acceptable Imports are bad for economy Political Intervention

16. California Table Grapes to Australia

17. Grape bunches are the introduction pathway for the glassy winged sharpshooter? Pierce ’ s Disease could be so catastrophic to the Australian table grape and wine industry that no risk is acceptable.

18. Stakeholder Influences- CA Grapes IRA-heavily critiqued, new information became available – GWSS Scientific Publications Scientific duel Specific conclusions or prove a “ negative ” Data Never found in grape bunches Unacceptable

19. CA Grapes (Continued) Public Awareness Campaigns Possibility of GWSS in grape bunches No risk is acceptable Political Intervention WTO dispute resolution Free Trade Agreement

20. Conclusions Decision makers may be over influenced by the stakeholders Science on both sides of every issue Manageable risks are international norm Political Intervention new driving force

21. THE END