2. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine
Systems
Section 1: The Digestive System
Section 2: Nutrition
Section 3: The Endocrine System

3. Functions of the Digestive System
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 The Digestive System
Functions of the Digestive System
Ingests food
Breaks it down so nutrients can be absorbed
Eliminates what cannot be digested

4. Involves chewing food to break it down into smaller pieces
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 The Digestive System
Ingestion
Mechanical digestion
Involves chewing food to break it down into smaller pieces
Chemical digestion
The action of enzymes in breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules

5. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 The Digestive System

6. Muscular tube that connects the pharynx, or throat, to the stomach
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 The Digestive System
Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects the pharynx, or throat, to the stomach
Peristalsis
Smooth muscles contract rhythmically to move food through the digestive system.

7. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems

8. Environment inside the stomach is very acidic.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 The Digestive System
Stomach
Walls of the stomach are composed of three overlapping layers of smooth muscle that are involved with mechanical digestion.
Environment inside the stomach is very acidic.
Pepsin is an enzyme involved in the process of the chemical digestion of proteins.

9. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 The Digestive System
Small Intestine
Smooth muscles in the wall of the small intestine continue the process of mechanical digestion and push the food farther through the digestive tract by peristalsis.

10. The completion of chemical digestion in the small intestine depends on
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 The Digestive System
The completion of chemical digestion in the
small intestine
depends on
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder

11. Produces enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 The Digestive System
Pancreas
Produces enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Produces hormones

12. Produces bile, which helps to break down fats
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 The Digestive System
Liver
Produces bile, which helps to break down fats
Gallbladder
Stores excess bile

13. Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 The Digestive System
Food nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine into the bloodstream through fingerlike structures called villi.
Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine.

14. A primary function of the colon is to absorb water from the chyme.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 The Digestive System
Large Intestine
A primary function of the colon is to absorb water from the chyme.
Peristalsis moves feces toward the rectum.

15. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems

16. Nutrition is the process by which a person takes in and uses food.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Nutrition
Calories
Nutrition is the process by which a person takes in and uses food.
A Calorie is a unit used to measure the energy content of foods.
The energy content of food can be measured by burning the food and converting the stored energy to heat.

17. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Nutrition

18. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems

19. Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Nutrition
Carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates are macromolecules such as starches, which are long chains of sugar.
Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars.

20. Simple sugars are absorbed through villi.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Nutrition
Simple sugars are absorbed through villi.
Glucose is stored in the liver.
Dietary fiber helps keep food moving through the digestive tract.

21. Fats are the most concentrated energy source available to the body.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Nutrition
Fats
Fats are the most concentrated energy source available to the body.
Building blocks for the body
Classified as saturated and unsaturated
Meats and cheeses are sources of saturated fats.
Plants are the main source of unsaturated fats.

22. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Nutrition
Fats are digested in the small intestine and broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.
Fatty acids can be absorbed through the villi and circulated in the blood throughout the body.

23. Proteins are broken down to their subunit amino acids.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Nutrition
Proteins
Proteins are broken down to their subunit amino acids.
Amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream and carried to various body cells.
Essential amino acids are the eight amino acids that must be included in a person’s diet.

24. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Nutrition
Food Pyramid

25. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Nutrition
Vitamins and Minerals
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small amounts for metabolic activities.
Minerals are inorganic compounds used by the body as building material, and they are involved with metabolic functions.

26. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Nutrition

27. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Nutrition

28. Based on a 2000-Calorie per day diet
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Nutrition
Nutrition Labels
Based on a 2000-Calorie per day diet
name of the food
net weight or volume
name and address of manufacturer, distributor, or packager
ingredients
The Digestive and Endocrine Systems
nutrient content

29. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Action of Hormones
Endocrine glands produce hormones, which are released into the bloodstream and distributed to body cells.
Hormones are classified as steroid hormones and nonsteroid or amino acid hormones.

30. Bind to a receptor in the cell
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Steroid Hormones
Soluble in lipids and therefore can diffuse through the plasma membrane of a target cell
Bind to a receptor in the cell
The hormone and the receptor that are bound together bind to DNA in the nucleus.

31. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems

32. Nonsteroid hormones are composed of amino acids.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Amino Acid Hormones
Nonsteroid hormones are composed of amino acids.
Bind to receptors found on the plasma membrane of a target cell because they cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane

33. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems

34. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Negative Feedback
Negative feedback returns a system to a set point once it deviates sufficiently from that set point.

35. Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
Pituitary gland
Situated at the base of the brain
Secretes hormones that regulate many body functions
Regulates other endocrine glands

36. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Thyroxine causes cells of the body to have a higher rate of metabolism.
Calcitonin is a hormone that is partly responsible for the regulation of calcium.
Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels.

37. 35.3 The Endocrine System Pancreas
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Pancreas
Crucial role in the production of enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon which work together to maintain homeostasis

38. Located just above the kidneys
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Adrenal Glands
Located just above the kidneys
Manufactures the steroid hormone aldosterone and a group of hormones called glucocorticoids
Visualizing the Endocrine System

39. Link to the Nervous System
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Link to the Nervous System
The hypothalamus produces two hormones, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.
The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions in homeostasis by regulating water balance.

40. Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
biologygmh.com
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Image Bank
Vocabulary
Animation
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

41. Which is an enzyme responsible for breaking down starches into sugars?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Which is an enzyme responsible for breaking
down starches into sugars?
amylase
appendix
peristalsis
pepsin

42. Cellulose is an example of what type of food?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Cellulose is an example of what type of food?
fat
protein
carbohydrate
vegetable

43. Which glands play a role in the “fight or flight” response?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Which glands play a role in the “fight or flight”
response?
adrenal
pituitary
parathyroid
thyroid

44. What type of digestion is carried out by the
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 Formative Questions
What type of digestion is carried out by the
action of smooth muscles in the stomach
and small intestine?
chemical digestion
mechanical digestion

45. Where does the chemical digestion of starches begin?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 Formative Questions
Where does the chemical digestion of
starches begin?
mouth
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

46. In what type of solution is the enzyme pepsin most active?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 Formative Questions
In what type of solution is the enzyme pepsin
most active?
acidic solution
buffered solution
gaseous solution
concentrated sugar solution

47. What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 Formative Questions
What is the primary function of the large
intestine?
absorption of water from chyme
chemical breakdown of feces
excretion of acids and hormones
mechanical digestion of lipids

48. a complex carbohydrate found in fruits
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Formative Questions
What is glycogen?
a complex carbohydrate found in fruits
a form of glucose stored in the liver
a lipoprotein found in meat and fish
a simple sugar carried by the blood

49. Fats are an important part of a healthy diet.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Formative Questions
True or False
Fats are an important part of a healthy diet.

50. What nutrients are released by the digestion
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Formative Questions
What nutrients are released by the digestion
of proteins, absorbed into the bloodstream,
and reassembled into proteins in body cells?
amino acids
folic acids
glycerols
vitamins

51. Which nutrients contain the most energy, gram for gram?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Formative Questions
Which nutrients contain the most energy,
gram for gram?
carbohydrates
fats
proteins
vitamins

52. Which substances are necessary for proper
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Formative Questions
Which substances are necessary for proper
nerve conduction and muscle contraction?
Vitamins A and E
Vitamins B2, B6, and B12
the minerals Ca, Na, and K
the minerals Fe, Cu, and Zn

53. Which type of hormone sends a message from outside the cell to
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative Questions
Which type of
hormone sends
a message from
outside the cell to
an enzyme inside
the cell?

54. transmembrane hormone
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative Questions
amino acid hormone
diuretic hormone
steroid hormone
transmembrane hormone

55. Which gland responds to a stressful situation
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative Questions
Which gland responds to a stressful situation
by producing a hormone that increases heart
rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and
blood sugar levels?
adrenal gland
hypothalamus
parathyroid gland
pituitary gland

56. What other two hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative Questions
What other two hormones are secreted by
the adrenal glands?
aldosterone and cortisol
calcitonin and PTH
estrogen and hGH
oxytocin and ADH

57. How does this system maintain homeostasis through negative feedback?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative Questions
How does this
system maintain
homeostasis
through negative
feedback?

58. It combines the affects of two different endocrine glands.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative Questions
It combines the affects of two different
endocrine glands.
It inhibits the affect of hormones other than
ADH.
It involves both the endocrine and nervous
systems.
It maintains a particular range of water
volume in the blood.

59. Describe what causes heartburn. Chapter Assessment Questions
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Assessment Questions
Describe what
causes heartburn.

60. Answer: If the sphincter in the upper part
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Assessment Questions
Answer: If the sphincter in the upper part
of the stomach leaks, some of the
acid moves into the esophagus
causing heartburn.

61. Describe the function of the antidiuretic hormone.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Assessment Questions
Describe the function of the antidiuretic
hormone.
absorb sodium
raise blood glucose levels
regulate water balance
lower blood calcium

62. What is the primary function of the liver?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Assessment Questions
What is the primary function of the liver?

63. produce enzymes produce hormones produce bile produce protein
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Assessment Questions
produce enzymes
produce hormones
produce bile
produce protein

64. Which organ stores bile and releases it when needed?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test Practice
Which organ stores
bile and releases it
when needed?

65. How does this structure aid in the digestive process?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test Practice
How does this structure aid in the digestive
process?

66. It increases surface area. It mechanically digests food.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test Practice
It increases surface area.
It mechanically digests food.
It secretes digestive enzymes.
It traps foreign particles.

67. People should minimize their intake of
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test Practice
True or False
People should minimize their intake of
foods that contain cellulose because
humans cannot digest cellulose.

68. Which types of fats are found in corn oil and olive oil?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test Practice
Which types of fats are found in corn oil and
olive oil?
saturated fats
unsaturated fats

69. Why does the body need vitamins?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test Practice
Why does the body need vitamins?
They provide energy.
They are used to build cells.
They help enzymes to function.
They recycle nutrient molecules.

70. Which hormone is more likely to be secreted by the pancreas during
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test Practice
Which hormone is
more likely to be
secreted by the
pancreas during
intense exercise?
glucagon
insulin

71. Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Glencoe Biology Transparencies

72. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Image Bank

73. Section 1 Vocabulary mechanical digestion liver chemical digestion
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Vocabulary
Section 1
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
amylase
esophagus
peristalsis
pepsin
small intestine
liver
villus
large intestine

74. Section 2 Vocabulary nutrition Calorie vitamin mineral Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Vocabulary
Section 2
nutrition
Calorie
vitamin
mineral

75. Section 3 Vocabulary endocrine gland glucagon hormone aldosterone
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Vocabulary
Section 3
endocrine gland
hormone
pituitary gland
thyroxine
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
insulin
glucagon
aldosterone
cortisol
antidiuretic hormone

76. Smooth Muscle Contraction Steroid Hormone Stimulation
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Animation
Smooth Muscle Contraction
Steroid Hormone Stimulation
Amino Acid Hormone Stimulation
Visualizing the Endocrine System