1. Examine one interaction between cognition and physiology
Examine one interaction between cognition and physiology. Evaluate two studies

2. How brain damage affects memory processing
Refers to the learning outcome: Explain how biological factors may affect one cognitive process

3. What is amnesia?
Memory loss (inability to learn new information or retrieve information)
Two types
I.Retrograde Memory loss of events BEFORE brain damage
II. Anterograde Memory loss of events AFTER brain damage
Info:

4. Causes Developmental issues Concussion Migraines Epilepsy
Electroconvulsive shock therapy
Specific brain lesions (i.e. surgical removal) – HM
Drugs
Infection – Clive Wearing
Psychological (trauma)
Nutritional deficiency
Lack of Sleep!

5. Famous case: Clive Wearing
Suffers both anterograde and retrograde
MRI scan shows damage to the hippocampus and some of the frontal regions
Episodic memory and some semantic memory are lost  cannot put new information in long term memory
Implicit memory and emotional memory still intact
Memory span: few seconds

6. How Clive Wearing percieves it
Not able to remember anything for more than a blink
Kept a journal
”I am awake” ”This time finally awake” ”I was fully conscious at 10.35p.m”
”Forever today” Deborah 2005

7. How it happened? In March 1985 In his forties
Brain Infection (Herpes encephalitis)
Injured hippocampus
Hippocampus - center for long term memory
Perception was unimpaired but he could almost not remember anything
The most devastating case of amnesia ever recorded

8. CLIP ON CLIVE WEARING!

9. Case study: HM anterograde amnesia
First studied by Milner & Scoville 1957
Head injury when he was 9
Epileptic seizures
No drug treatment  surgey
27 years old
Removed tissue from the temporal lobe, including hippocampus, the amygdala
H.M.'s Brain and the History of Memory by Brian Newhouse:

10. HM after the surgery Cured his seizures, gave him amnesia (anterogade)
Able to: Carry on a conversation
Not able to: Recognize people and also rereads magazines.
Can remember if rehearsed
MRI scanner in 1997 that supported what was suspected
Answer ”ethics in research” on p. 79 and ”understanding research”

11. Interaction cognition and physiology
HM’s amnesia
Physiology
Could not memorize new EXPLICIT (declarative) memories (both semantic and episodic memory)
Intact procedural memories
Parts of hippocampus was removed and most of the amygdala
Cerebellum was not damaged

12. Critical thinking – the case studies
Strengths
Limitations
Raise interesting questions for further research
Could generalize if similar cases
in depth, rich data through a variety of methods
High ecological validity
Longitudinal
Ethical if not stressful and nor forcing
Researchers too close to the participants
Time consuming
Ethical considerations;
Long, intense, stressful
More difficult to generalize

13. MRI study and Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia
Varga-Khadem et al. (1997) performed a study using MRI scanning with three young patients who had brain injuries.
Aim; investigate the relationship between the brain injury and anterograde amnesia.
Methods; MRI scanning and memory tests/experiments
Participants; One child had suffered brain damage at birth, the second by the age of 4 years, and the third one by the age of 9.

14. Results;
all three children had damage to the hippocampus.
Amnesia - severe problems with episodic memory,
their cognitive development was within the normal range.
They were low-average to average in language skills, factual knowledge, and literacy.
Conclusion; the study provides support for the idea that there are separate episodic and semantic stores in long-term memory.
Only episodic memory seems to be fully dependent on the hippocampus.
Critical thinking; a lot of scientific research support this

15. CONCLUSION
We have learned a lot about memory and amnesia from case studies
but individual cases are not as statistically powerful as group studies

16. animal research is needed for in depth analysis
Animal research show the same thing

17. Critical thinking research and theories MLA
Case studies +/-
Scanning evidence +/-
Few cases
Animal research (cause amnesia in e g monkeys and investigate) +/-
Applicability Useful and important findings –
1) Treat the amnesia
2) The existence of Multiple memory systems
3) Localization of cognitive functions

18. Summary
You can use Clive and H.M as support (how biological factors may affect one cognitive process: brain damage on memory)
H.M and Clive W can also be used as support for the multi-store model of memory (since they show that our memory consists of different memory systems)
Both can be used as support in LO about ethical considerations
Since you need two biological factors: you can use the study by Martinez and Kesner (1991) Ach in memory formation
You can also (great isn’t it?) use H.M and Clive for the LO in the biological level of analysis: ”Examine one interaction between cognition and physiology in terms of behaviour”